bra size (also known as bra measurement or breast size ) is a measure showing the characteristics of the bra size. The size of the bra is usually expressed as a scales, with a number of systems being used around the world. Scales take into account the length of the band and the cup size. From the user's point of view, the main steps taken into account, in determining the best bra suitable for the wearer, is the size of the wearer around the torso under the breast and above the breast, which determines the length of the band. For convenience, because of the impracticality of measuring a woman's breasts size, the bra cup volume is based on the difference between the two measures.
Determining the correct size of a bra is a process manufacturer engaged in designing and producing a bra that correctly fits the majority of women, and for individual women, the process of identifying the right bras fits. The size of a bra usually consists of one or more letters showing the size of the breast cup and number, indicating the size of the band around the torso of a woman. The size of a bra cup was discovered in 1932 and the band's size became popular in the 1940s.
The shape, size, position, symmetry, distance, firmness, and amount of individual female breasts vary greatly. The labeling system of the manufacturer's bra size varies from country to country because there are no international standards. Even in one country, one study found that the size of the bra label consistently differs from the measured size. As a result, about 25% of women have difficulty finding the right bra. Some women choose to buy a custom made bra because of the unusual size or shape of the breast.
Video Bra size
Metode pengukuran berasal
On November 21, 1911, Parisienne Madeleine Gabeau received a US patent for a bra with a gentle cup and metal ribbon that supported and separated the breasts. To avoid the prevailing mode that creates a single "monobosome", the design is given: "... that the material ends can be carried close along the contours in and under the breast, so to retain the shape, I use broken metal bands b that bend to fit the lower curve of the breast. "
Origin cup design
The term "cup" was not used to describe a bra until 1916 when two patents were filed.
In October 1932, S.H. Camp and Company are the first to measure the size of the trophies with the letters of the alphabet, A, B, C, and D, although the letters represent how big the breasts are and not their volume. Camp ads in the February 1933 edition Corset and Underwear Review feature a breast profile labeled with mail. Cup size A to D is not intended to be used for large breasted women.
In 1937, Warner introduced the Bra Alphabet with four cup sizes (A, B, C, and D) to the product description. Shortly, this cup size earned the nickname: egg cup, tea cup, coffee cup, and challenge cup, respectively. Two other companies, Model and Fay-Miss (renamed in 1935 as Brassiere Company Bali), followed, offering A, B, C, and D cup sizes in the late 1930s. Catalog companies continue to use Small, Medium and Large titles until the 1940s. Britain did not adopt American cups in 1933, and refused to use cup size for its products until 1948. The Sears Company eventually applied cup size to a bra in catalogs in the 1950s.
The origin of band measurements
The adjustable bands were introduced using many hooks and blinders in the 1930s. Before the widespread use of bra, the choice of underwear for Western women is a corset. To help women meet ideal ideal body shapes, corsets and corset manufacturers use calculations called hip spring , the difference between waist and hip (usually 10-12 inch (25-30 cm)).
The ribbon measurement system was made by US bra manufacturers right after World War II.
Other innovations
The underwire was first added to a bra strapless in 1937 by Andrà ©  ©, a custom-bra company. Patents for underwire type devices in bras were issued in 1931 and 1932, but were not widely adopted by the manufacturer until after World War II when the metal shortage subsided.
In the 1930s, Dunlop chemists were able to convert rubber latex into elastic yarn. After 1940, "whirlpool", or concentric seams, were used to form cup structures of several designs. Artificial fibers are rapidly adopted by the industry because of their easy-to-maintain nature. Because the bra has to be washed frequently, easy care fabrics are in great demand.
Maps Bra size
Consumer customization
For best results, the breast should be measured twice: once when standing straight, after bending at the waist with the breast hanging down. If the difference between these two measurements is more than 10 cm, then the average is chosen to calculate cup size. A number of reports, surveys, and research in various countries found that between 80% to 85% of women wear inappropriate bras.
In November 2005, Oprah Winfrey produced a show devoted to bras and bra sizes, where she talked about research that eight out of ten women wore the wrong size bra.
Bigger breasts and matching bras
Research has revealed that the most common mistakes made by women when choosing a bra are choosing too large back bands and cups are too small, for example, 38C instead of 34E, or 34B instead of 30D.
The heavier a person builds, the harder it is to get an accurate measurement, because measuring the sinking tape into the flesh is easier.
In a study conducted in England of 103 women looking for mammoplasty, the researchers found a strong relationship between obesity and inaccurate measurement of back. They concluded that "obesity, breast hypertrophy, fashion and bra-fitting practices combine to make women most in need of supportive bras least likely to get a fitting bra accurately."
One of the difficult problems of finding the right bras fits is the non-standardized tape and cup size, but varies greatly from one manufacturer to another, producing a size that only provides a fitting approximation. Women can not depend on the size of the labeled bra to identify the right bras. Scientific studies show that the current size bra system may be inaccurate.
Manufacturers cut their bras differently, so, for example, two 34B bras from two companies may not be suitable for the same person. Customers should pay attention to the size system used by the manufacturer. The main difference is how the cup size increases, by 2 cm or 1 inch (= 2.54 cm, see below). Some French manufacturers also increase the cup size by 3 cm. Unlike clothing sizes, manufacturers do not agree with a single standard.
British bra currently ranges from A to LL cup size (with Rigby & Peller recently introducing a bra by Elila who climbed to US-N-Cup), while most Americans can find bra with cup size ranging from A up to G. Some brands (Goddess), Elila) as high as N, about the same size as the British JJ Cup. In the European continent, Milena Lingerie from Poland produces up to R trophies. Larger sizes are usually more difficult to find in retail outlets. As the cup size increases, the labeled cup size from different manufacturer bra tends to vary more in actual volume. One study found that label sizes consistently differ from the size measured.
Even medical research has proven the difficulty of getting a proper match. Research by plastic surgeons states that the size of the bra is not appropriate because the volume of the breast is not calculated accurately:
The current popular system for determining bra size is not accurate so it often becomes useless. Add to a lot of different bra styles and lack of standardization between brands, and one can see why finding a comfortable and fitting bras is more an educated guess, experiment, and error problem than exact measurement.
The use of cup size and tape measurement systems has evolved over time and is constantly changing. Experts recommend that women be fitted by experienced people at retailers who offer the widest selection of bras and brand sizes.
Bad bra-fit symptoms
If a strap enters the shoulder, leaving a red mark or causing shoulder or neck pain, the bra band does not offer sufficient support. If the breast tissue floods the bottom of the bra, under the armpit, or over the top edge of the bra cup, the cup size is too small. The loose fabric in the bra cup shows the cup size is too large. If underwires pierce the breast under the armpits or if the center panel of the bra is uneven with the sternum, the cup size is too small. If the band rides the body in the back, the band's size is too big. If digging into the flesh, causing meat to spill on the edge of the band, the band is too small. If the band feels tight, this may be because the cup is too small; instead of riding in a band size one should try to ride in cup size. Similarly a band may feel too loose if its cup is too big. It is possible to test whether the band's bra is too tight or too loose by turning the bra on its body so that the cup is at the back and then checking for any matches and comforts. Generally, if the wearer has to constantly adjust the bra or experience general discomfort, the bra does not match and he/she should get a new installation.
Obtaining best settings
Bra experts recommend that women, especially those who have cup size D or larger, get professional bra fitting from lingerie department in clothing store or specialty clothing store. However, even professional braisers in various countries including New Zealand and the UK produce inconsistent measurements in the same person. There is a significant heterogeneity in the form of breast, density, and volume. Thus, the current bra-fixing method may not be sufficient for this chest morphology range.
A 2004 study by Consumers Reports in New Zealand found that 80% of department store bra equipment resulted in a mismatch. However, because the manufacturer's standards vary widely, women can not rely on their own measurements to get a satisfactory match. Some manufacturers and distributors of bra state that trying and learning to recognize the right bra is the best way to determine the correct size of a bra, like shoes.
The caregiver Bra generally agrees that the right bra should meet the following criteria:
- When viewed from the side, the edge of the chest should be horizontal, should not go backward, and should be firm but comfortable.
- Each underwire cup on the front should be flat with the sternum (not the breast), along the infrared fold, and should not dig into the chest or breast, rub or stir in front.
- The breasts should be flanked by the cup and there should be a fine line where the cloth at the top of the cup ends.
- The top of the breast, the nipple, should be in the middle of the cup.
- Breasts should not be enlarged above or beyond the side of the cup, even with a low cut style like a balconette bra.
- Properly fitted bra straps should not be in or out of the shoulders, which show the ribbon is too big.
- The back of the bra should not go up and the chest band should remain parallel to the floor when viewed from behind.
- The breasts should be supported primarily by ribbons around the ribs, not by shoulder straps.
- The woman should be able to breathe and move easily without a slipping bra.
Confirm bra match
One method to ensure that the bra is the most fittingly dubbed Swoop and Scoop . After identifying the right bra, the woman leans forward ( swoops ), lets her breasts fall into her bra, fills the cup naturally, and then tightens the bra on the outermost set of hooks. When the woman stood up, she used the opposite hand to put each breast gently into the cup (the scoop ), and she then run her index finger along the inside edge of the bra cup to make sure her breast tissue did not spill at the edges.
Experts advise women to choose a bra band that fits in the outer hook. This allows the wearer to use a tighter hook on the bra strap while stretching for about eight months of age. The band should be tight enough to support the breasts, but the rope should not provide major support.
Consumer measurement difficulty
Bra is one of the most complicated clothes to make. The typical bra design has between 20 and 48 parts, including bands, hooks, cups, layers, and ropes. Large retailers place orders from manufacturers in batches of 10,000. This size order requires large scale operations to manage cutting, sewing and packing as needed.
Building the right bra is difficult. Adelle Kirk, formerly a manager at Kurt Salmon's global management consulting firm specializing in clothing and retail business, says that making a bra is complicated:
Bra is one of the most complicated pieces of clothing. There are many different styles, and each style has a dozen different sizes, and inside there are many colors. In addition, there are many product engineering. You have a hook, there are straps, usually there are two parts for each cup, and each requires a lot of suturing. It's a very intensive component.
Asymmetric breast
Getting the correct size is complicated by the fact that up to 25% of female breasts display visible and persistent breast asymmetry, defined as different sizes by at least one cup size. About 5% to 10% of women, her breasts are very different, with left breast becoming larger in 62% of cases. Minor asymmetry can be overcome by wearing a padded bra, but in cases of severe development of breast deformities - commonly called "Amazon Syndrome" by doctors, it may require corrective surgery due to morphological changes caused by variations in shape, volume, breast position. relative to the inframammary fold, the nipple-areola complex position in the chest, or both.
Breast volume variation
Getting the correct size is more complicated by the fact that the size and shape of a woman's breasts change, if they have menstrual cycles, during the cycle and can experience rapid or unusual growth in size due to pregnancy, weight loss or loss, or medical conditions. Even breathing can change size substantially.
Some female breasts can change shape by as much as 20% per month:
"Breasts change shape quite consistently on a month-to-month basis, but they will individually change the volume by a different amount... Some girls will change less than 10% and other girls can change by as much as 20%." Is it better not to wear a bra at all? "... There is even a slight advantage of wearing an existing bra.Having a bra that is generally supportive will have a significant improvement especially in terms of stopping them going south... Skin is what gives their breast support"
Increases_in_average_bra_size Increases in average bra size
In 2010, the most common bra size sold in the UK was 36D. In 2004, market research firm Mintel reported that breast size in the UK has increased from 1998 to 2004 in younger and older consumers, while more recent studies show that the size of the bra most often sold in the US in 2008 is 36D.
The researchers ruled out the weight increase of the population as an explanation and suggested it was even more likely because more women were wearing the correct size, larger.
Consumer measurement methods
Retailer Bra recommends several methods to measure the size of the band and cup. It's based on two main methods, either under the breast or above the breast, and sometimes both. Calculating the correct size of the bra bra is complicated by many factors. The American National Standards Institute states that while there is a voluntary consensus about size, there is a lot of confusion on the size of 'right' clothing. As a result, bra measurements can be considered as art and science. Online shopping and personal bra shopping experiences may be different because online recommendations are based on average and direct shopping can be fully personalized so shopper can easily try on band size above and below it between measured band sizes. For women with large cup size and size between bands, they may find their cup size unavailable in local stores so it may have to shop online where the largest cup size is available on certain sites. Others recommend rounding to the nearest integer.
Band measurement method
There are several possible methods for measuring breasts.
Underbust 0
The measuring tape is drawn around the torso on the inframammary fold. The tape is then pulled tight while remaining horizontal and parallel to the floor. Measurements in inches are then rounded to nearest even number for band size.
Underbust 4
This method begins the same way as the underbust method 0, where the tape measure is stretched tight around the torso under the breast while remaining horizontal. If the measurement is even, 4 is added to calculate the band size. If that's weird, 5 is added. Kohl uses this method for his online installation guide.
Graph size
Currently, many large US department stores determine band size by starting with measurements taken under bust similar to underbust 0 and method 2 underbust mentioned earlier. The size of the chart or calculator then uses this measurement to determine the band size. The size of the tape calculated using this method varies between manufacturers.
The underarm/upper bust method
The measuring tape is drawn around the torso under the armpits and over the breast. Since the band size is most often produced in even numbers, the wearer must round up to the nearest even number.
Cup measurement method
Bras wearers can calculate their cup size by finding the difference between their breast size and their band size. The size of the breast, the size of the breast line, or the size of the over-bust is the size around the torso at the most full part of the breast, with the breast emblem between the elbow and the shoulder, usually above the nipple, ideally standing straight with the sleeve to the side and wearing a bra that fit. This practice assumes the current bra fits correctly. Measurements are performed in units equal to the size of the tape, either inches or centimeters. Cup size is calculated by subtracting the band size from over-the-bust measurements.
Cup size varies
Cup size varies from country to country. The larger the cup size, the larger the variation.
The bra size survey tends to be highly dependent on the population studied and how it is obtained. For example, one US study reported that the most common measure was 34B, followed by 34C, of ​​which 63% were 34 and 39% cup size B. However, the survey sample was drawn from 103 Caucasian student volunteers at the US Midwest university aged 18-25 , and excluding pregnant and lactating women.
Bras maker Triumph conducted a survey in 2007 to determine the percentage of women using four cup sizes, and found that 57% of British women, more than any other country, needed D cup.
Plastic Measurement Measurement System
A bra user who has difficulty calculating the exact cup size may be able to find an appropriate match using a method adopted by a plastic surgeon. Using a flexible tape measure, position the ribbon on the outside of the chest, under the arm, where the breast tissue begins. Measure the entire breast completely, usually across the nipple, to where the breast tissue stops in the breast bone.
The measurement conversion to cup size is shown in the "Measurement glass table" table.
This cup measurement is only correct to convert cup size to 34 inches (86 cm) to cm band using this special method. Note that, in general, countries using metric cup size have their own 2 cm (0.79 in) increments that result in different cup sizes than those using inches, since 1 inch (2.5 cm) is not the same as 2 cm (0.79 inches).
They are only accurate for a 34 inch band (86 cm) because of the size of the cup relative to the band size.
This principle means that bras with different band sizes can have the same volume. For example, the cup volume is the same for 30D, 32C, 34B, and 36A. The size of the bra associated with the same cup volume is called sister size .
Consumer matching research
A study in 2012 by White and Scurr University of Portsmouth compared methods that add 4 methods of ribbon size used in many UK lingerie stores by and compare them with the measurements obtained using professional methods. This study relies on the professional bra-fitting method described by McGhee and Steele (2010).
This study uses a five-step approach to getting the best fit bra size for an individual. The study measured 45 women using a traditional selection method that adds 4 methods of over-the-bust band size. Women try bra until they get the best fit based on the criteria of professional bra installation. The researchers found that 76% of women overestimated their band and 84% underestimated their cup size. When women wear a bra with a band that is too big, breast support is reduced. Cup size is too small can cause skin irritation. They note that "inappropriate bras and inadequate breast support can lead to the development of musculoskeletal pain and inhibit women who participate in physical activity." The study recommends that women should be educated about the criteria for finding the right bras. They recommend that women measure under their breasts to determine their band size rather than traditional measurement methods over the breast.
Manufacturer's design standard
Bra labeling systems used around the world are sometimes misleading and confusing. Cup and band size varies worldwide. In countries that have adopted the European clothing size standard EN 13402, the torso is measured in centimeters and rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 cm. The right expert in the UK states that many women who buy shelves without professional help wear two sizes too small.
Fruit of the Loom producers are trying to solve the problem of finding the right bra for asymmetric breasts by introducing the Pick Your Perfect Bra, which allows women to choose a bra with two different cup sizes, although it is only available in A to D cup size.
There are several sizing systems in different countries. Most use a chest circumference measurement system and cup size letters, but there are some significant differences. Many bras are available in just 36 sizes.
English
The UK uses an inch system, this means that the difference in chest circumference between cup sizes is always one inch, or 2.54 cm. The difference between 2 band sizes is 2 inches or 5.08 cm.
Leading brands and manufacturers include Panache, Bestform, Gossard, Freya, Kate Curve, Bravissimo and Fantasie, which use the standard English size band 28-30-32-34-36-38-40-42-44, and so on. The cup size is set by AA-A-B-C-D-DD-E-F-FF-G-GG-H-HH-J-JJ-K-KK-L.
However, some clothing retailers and postal order companies have their own home brand and use a special sized system. Marks and Spencers use AA-A-B-C-D-DD-E-F-G-GG-H-J, leaving FF and HH. As a result, their J-Cup is the same as the standard British H-cup. Evans and ASDA sell bra (ASDA as part of their George outfit) whose size runs A-B-C-D-DD-E-F-G-H. Their H-Cup is roughly the same as the standard British G-cup.
Some retailers order AA for young teenagers, and use AAA for women.
Australia/New Zealand
The size of the Australian and New Zealand cup and bands is within an increase of 2 cm per cup metric similar to many European brands. Cup labeling methods and size schemes are inconsistent and there is great variability between brands. Generally, AA-DD cup size follows the English label but after that it is separated from this system and uses European label (no double letter with forward cup from F-G-H etc for 2 cm increase). However, many local producers use unique labeling systems. The size of the Australian and New Zealand bra bands are labeled in clothing size, although they are obtained by under-breast measurements while the size of the wear-breast-waist-hip clothing. In practice very few of the leading Australian producers produce F size and widely spread the size of misinformation. Australia's demand for DD is mostly met by major brands of UK, USA and Europe. This has introduced the confusion of further size schemes that are poorly understood even by specialist retailers. [1]
United States
Bra-sizing in the United States is very similar to England. The band size uses the same designation in inches and the cup also increases by 1 inch-step. However, some manufacturers use conflicting sizing methods. Some bra labels outside of C cup like D-DD-DDD-DDDD-E-EE-EEE-EEEE-F..., some use variations: D1, D2, D3, D4, D5..... but many use the following systems: A, B, C, D, DD, DDD, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O. and others mark it like the British D-DD-EF-FF system... Comparing the larger cup size between different manufacturers can be difficult.
In 2013, apparel maker Jockey International offers a new way to measure bra and cup size. It introduced a system with ten cup sizes per numbered and numbered band sizes, set as 1-36, 2-36 ect. The company developed this system for eight years, in which they scanned and measured breasts and torso from 800 women. The researchers also tracked the use of their women's bra at home. To implement this system, women had to buy a set of plastic cups from the company to find the size of their jockey cup. Some analysts are critical of the requirements to purchase measurement devices, because women have to pay around $ 20 USD to adopt Jockey's ownership system, in addition to the cost of the bra itself.
Continental Europe
On the Continent of Europe, the body is measured in centimeters and rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 cm. The ribbon size runs 65-70-75-80..., increasing in steps 5 cm, similar to the double-inch English. Someone with loose stomach loop size of 78-82 cm should wear 80 band size.
The cup label begins with "AA" for a difference of 11Ã, Â ± 1 cm between breasts and abdominal circumference, ie not between the breast circumference and the size of the ribbon as in the British system. They increase the step by 2 cm, instead of 2.5 cm or 1 inch, and unless the initial cup size is not doubled or skipped. In a very large cup size this causes smaller cups than their English counterparts.
This system has been standardized in the European clothing size standard EN 13402 introduced in 2006, but is used in many European countries before that date.
South Korea South Korea/Japan
In South Korea and Japan, the torso is measured in centimeters and rounded to the nearest multiple of 5 cm. The ribbon size runs 65-70-75-80..., increasing in steps 5 cm, similar to the double-inch English. Someone with loose stomach loop size of 78-82 cm should wear 80 band size.
The cup label begins with "AAA" for a difference of 5 Â ± 1.25 cm between the breast and abdominal circumference, the breast circumference and the same ribbon size as the British system. They are increased in steps of 2.5 cm, and unless the initial cup size is not doubled or skipped.
The size of Japan is the same as that in Korea, but the cup label begins with "AA" for a difference of 7.5 Ã,  ± 1.25Ã, cm and usually precedes the bust designation, ie "B75" instead of "75B".
The system has been standardized in Korean KS K9404's clothing size standards introduced in 1999 and in Japan, the JIS L4006 clothing size standard was introduced in 1998.
France/Belgium/Spain
The French and Spanish systems are permutations of continental European size systems. While the cup size is the same, the band size is exactly 15 cm larger than the size of the European band.
Italy
The size of Italian bands uses small consecutive integers instead of rounded abdominal circumferences to the nearest multiple of 5 cm. Since it starts with size 0 for European size 60, the conversion consists of division by 5 and then subtraction 12. Size designation is often given in Roman numerals.
The size of the cup traditionally uses a 2.5 cm step size, which is close to 2.5cm in English inches, and features multiple double letters for large cups, but in recent years some Italian manufacturers have switched to 2-cm European systems.
Here is a conversion table for bra size in Italy with other countries:
Retail ads and effects
Marketing and ad manufacturers often appeal to fashion and image of compatibility, convenience, and functionality. From about 1994, manufacturers refocused their advertising, shifting from functional bases that emphasized support and foundation, selling fashion-focused lingerie while sacrificing basic functions and functions, such as a layer under coarse lace.
Alternative Engineering for traditional bras
British mechanical engineer and professor John Tyrer from Loughborough University have found a solution to the problem of a bra that is problematic with the re-engineering of the University of Loughborough bra design. He began to investigate the design issue of a bra while on duty from the British government after his wife re-disheartened from an unsuccessful shopping trip. A preliminary study on an immediate installation problem reveals that 80% women are wearing the wrong bra size. She theorizes that widespread practice of purchasing the wrong size is due to the measurement system recommended by the bra manufacturer. This sizing system uses a combination of maximum chest diameter (below breast) and maximum breast diameter (breast) rather than actual breast volume that should be accommodated by a bra. According to Tyrer, "to get the most supportive and fitting bra is much better if you know the volume of the breast and the size of the back.". He said the measurement system A, B, C, D cup has a defect. "It's like measuring a motor car with a gas cap diameter." "The whole design is fundamentally flawed, it's a torture device." Tyrer has developed a bra design with straps crossed at the back. This uses the weight of one breast to lift the other using a counterweight. Standard design narrows the chest movement while breathing. One of the tools used in Tyrer design development has been a projective projective toolkit tool for 40,000 GBP .
Breast burdened to ~ 1 kg instead of ~ 0.2.. 0.3 kg . Tyrer says, "By measuring the breast diameter and current breast size it should tell you something about the size and volume of each breast, but it really is not". The Bra Company remains reluctant to produce the Tyrer prototype, which is a front cover bra with more vertical orientation and adjustable cups.
Calculating cup volume and breast weight
The average breast weight is about 0.5 kilograms (1.1 pounds). Each breast contributes about 4-5% of body fat. Fatty tissue density is approximately equal to 0.9 kg/l for all women.
If the cup is parts, the volume V is given by the following formula:
where r is the radius of the cup, and D is its diameter.
If the cup is hemi-ellipsoid, the volume is given by the formula:
where a, b and c are three semi-axis of hemi-ellipsoid, and cw cd and wl each are wide cup, cup depth and wire length.
The cup provides a hemi-ball shape to the breast and the underwires give shape to the cup. So the radius of curvature of the underwire is a key parameter for determining the volume and weight of the breast. The same underwires are used for cups 36A, 34B, 32C, 30D etc... so the cup has the same volume. Underwire size reference numbers are based on bra cup B, for example underwire size 32 for cup 32B (and 34A, 30C...). Size under 30 width has 3-inch curvature diameter 5/6? 9.7 cm and this diameter increased by 1/3 inch? 0.847 cm by size. The table below shows the volume calculations for some cups that can be found in large ready-made stores.
See also
- Brassiere design
- Brassieres history
- Wonderbra
- Bra underwire
- Bra without cup
- Nursing bra
Note
References
Further reading
- Jahme, Carole (May 14, 2010). "Breast size: human anomaly". Ask Carole (column). The Guardian . London . Retrieved January 17 2017 . Ã,
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments