A dietary supplement is a manufactured product intended to supplement diet when taken as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid. Supplements can provide nutrients either extracted from food or synthetic sources, individually or in combination, to increase their consumption quantity. Class of nutritional compounds include vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids and amino acids. Dietary supplements can also contain unconfirmed substances as essential for life, but are marketed as having beneficial biological effects, such as plant pigments or polyphenols. Animals can also be a source of supplemental ingredients, such as collagen from chicken or fish. It is also sold individually and in combination, and can be combined with nutritional ingredients. In the United States and Canada, dietary supplements are considered part of the diet, and properly regulated. The European Commission has also established harmonized rules to help ensure that dietary supplements are safe and properly labeled. Among other countries, the definition of dietary supplements may vary as a drug or other class of ingredients used in supplement products.
Creating an industry estimated to have a 2015 value of $ 37 billion, there are over 50,000 diet supplement products marketed only in the United States, where about 50% of the adult population of Americans consume dietary supplements. Multivitamin is the most commonly used product. For those who do not eat a balanced diet, the US National Institute of Health states that certain supplements "may have value."
In the United States, it violates federal regulations for supplement manufacturers to claim that these products prevent or treat any disease. Companies are allowed to use the so-called "Structure/Function" word if there is evidence of scientific evidence for supplements that provide potential health effects. An example is "_____ helps maintain joint health", but the label should bear the disclaimer that the Food and Drug Administration "has not evaluated the claim and that the food supplement product is not intended to" diagnose, treat, cure. or prevent any disease, "because only the drug can legally claim the FDA enforces this rule, and also prohibits the sale of supplements and hazardous supplements, or supplements that are not manufactured in accordance with good manufacturing practice standards (GMP).
Video Dietary supplement
Definisi
In the United States, the 1994 Dietary Supplemental Health and Education Act provides this description: "The Supplemental Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA) defines the term" dietary supplement "which means products (other than tobacco) intended to supplement a diet containing or contain one or more of the following ingredients: vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanical, amino acids, dietary substances for use by humans to supplement diet by increasing total food intake, or concentrates, metabolites, constituents, extracts, or combinations of false one such ingredient.In addition, dietary supplements should be labeled as dietary supplements and intended for consumption and should not be represented for use as conventional food or as a single item of food or diet.In addition, dietary supplements can not be approved or authorized for investigation as a new drug, antibiotic, or biological, unless marketed as food or dietary supplement before such approval or authorization. Under DSHEA, dietary supplements are considered as food, except for the purpose of drug definition. "
As per DSHEA, dietary supplements are taken orally, and are primarily determined by what it is not: conventional foods (including food substitutes), medical foods, preservatives or pharmaceutical drugs. Products intended for use as a nasal spray, or topically, as a lotion applied to the skin, are not eligible. FDA approved drugs can not be an ingredient in dietary supplements. Supplemental products contain or contain vitamins, essential mineral nutrients, amino acids, essential fatty acids and non-nutrients extracted from plants or animals or fungi or bacteria, or in the example of probiotics, are living bacteria. Dietary supplements can also be synthetic copies of naturally occurring substances (eg melatonin). All products with these ingredients should be labeled as dietary supplements. Like food and unlike drugs, no government approval is needed to make or sell dietary supplements; the manufacturer confirms the safety of dietary supplements but the government does not; and rather than needing a benefit-risk analysis to prove that the product could be sold like a drug, the judgment is only used by the FDA to decide that dietary supplements are unsafe and must be removed from the market.
Maps Dietary supplement
Type
Vitamins
Vitamins are organic compounds needed by an organism as an essential nutrient in limited quantities. Organic chemical compounds (or related compounds) are called vitamins when they can not be synthesized in sufficient quantities by organisms, and must be obtained from food. This term is conditional on both the state and on the particular organism. For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is a vitamin for anthropoid primates, humans, guinea pigs and bats, but not for other mammals. Vitamin D is not an essential nutrient for people who get sufficient exposure to ultraviolet light, either from the sun or artificial sources, because then they synthesize vitamin D in the skin. Humans need thirteen vitamins in their diet, most of which are a group of related molecules, "vitamers", (eg vitamin E including tocopherols and tocotrienols, vitamin K including vitamin K 1 and K 2 ). List: vitamins A, C, D, E, K, Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Pantothenic Acid (B5), Vitamin B6, Biotin (B7), Folate (B9) and Vitamin B12. Vitamin intake below the recommended amount can produce signs and symptoms associated with vitamin deficiency. There is little evidence of benefits when taken as a dietary supplement by those who are healthy and consume a diet that is sufficiently nutrient.
The US Institute of Medicine sets a tolerable upper intake level (UL) for some vitamins. This does not prevent food supplement companies from selling products with content per portion higher than UL. For example, UL for vitamin D is 100 Ã,Âμg (4,000 IU), but the product is available without a prescription at 10,000 IU.
Mineral diet
Minerals are an exogenous chemical element indispensable to life. Four minerals: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, are vital to life but so everywhere in foods and beverages that are not considered nutrients and no recommended intake for this mineral. Nitrogen requirements are addressed by the requirements set for the protein, which consists of amino acids containing nitrogen. Sulfur is very important, but for humans, it is unidentified to have the recommended intake. In contrast, the recommended intake is identified for amino acids containing sulfur methionine and cysteine. There are dietary supplements that provide sulfur, such as taurine and methylsulfonylmethane.
Mineral minerals essential for humans, listed in the order of weight required to be in the Recommended Dietary Allowance or Adequate Intake are potassium, chlorine, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, iodine, chromium, molybdenum, selenium and cobalt (the latter as a component of vitamin B 12 ). There are other minerals that are important to some plants and animals, but may or may not be important to humans, such as boron and silicon. Essential and supposedly essential minerals are marketed as dietary supplements, individually and in combination with other vitamins and minerals.
Although as a general rule, the labeling of dietary supplements and marketing is not allowed to make disease prevention or treatment claims, the US FDA has for some food and dietary supplements reviewing science, concluding that there are significant scientific agreements, and publishing specially worded health. claim. Initial decisions allowing health claims for calcium and osteoporotic dietary supplements were then changed to include calcium supplements with or without vitamin D, effective January 1, 2010. Examples of permitted words are shown below. To be eligible for calcium health claims, dietary supplements contain at least 20% of dietary reference intake, which for calcium means at least 260 mg/portion.
- "Enough calcium during life, as part of a balanced diet, can reduce the risk of osteoporosis."
- "Adequate calcium as part of a healthy diet, along with physical activity, can reduce the risk of osteoporosis later in life."
- "Enough calcium and vitamin D throughout life, as part of a balanced diet, can reduce the risk of osteoporosis."
- "Enough calcium and vitamin D as part of a healthy diet, along with physical activity, may reduce the risk of osteoporosis later in life."
That same year, the European Food Safety Authority also approved health food supplement claims for calcium and vitamin D and reduced risk of osteoporotic fractures by reducing bone loss. The US FDA also approved Quality Health Claims (QHCs) for various health conditions for calcium, selenium and chromium picolinate. QHC is supported by scientific evidence, but does not meet the stricter "scientific agreement" standards required for legitimate health claims. If a food supplement company chooses to make such a claim then the FDA sets out the exact words of QHC to be used on labels and marketing materials. These words can be burdensome: "One study showed that selenium intake may reduce the risk of bladder cancer in women, but a smaller study showed no risk reduction.Based on this study, the FDA concluded that it is very uncertain that selenium supplements reduce the risk of bladder cancer in women. "
Proteins and amino acids
Supplements containing proteins, either ready to be drunk or as powders to be mixed into water, are marketed as aids for people recovering from illness or injury, those hoping to thwart old age sarcopenia, for athletes who believe that physical activity which heavily increases the need for protein, to those who expect to lose weight while minimizing muscle loss, that is, modifying proteins quickly, and to those who want to increase muscle size for performance and appearance. Whey protein is a popular ingredient, but the product can also include protein casein, soy, beans, hemp or rice.
According to US & amp; The Canadian Diet Reference Reference Guidelines, the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) protein for adults is based on 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. These recommendations are for active and less active people. Scientific reviews can conclude that a high protein diet, when combined with exercise, will increase muscle mass and strength, or conclude otherwise. The International Olympic Committee recommends target protein intake for strength athletes and endurance at about 1.2-1.8 g/kg body mass per day. One review proposes a maximum daily protein intake of about 25% of the energy requirement, which is about 2.0 to 2.5 g/kg.
The same protein ingredients marketed as dietary supplements can be incorporated into substitutes for food and medical food products, but they are regulated and labeled differently from supplements. In the United States, "food substitute" products are food and labeled as such. It usually contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. There may be content claims such as "good protein source", "low fat" or "lactose free". Medical food, as well as complete nutrition, is designed to be used when someone is under the care of a physician or other licensed health care professional. Liquid medical food products - eg Make sure - are available in both regular and high protein versions.
Protein is a chain of amino acids. Nine of these proteinogenic amino acids are considered important to humans because they can not be produced from other compounds by the human body and therefore must be taken as food. The recommended intake, expressed as milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day, has been established. Other amino acids can be conditionally important for a certain age or medical condition. Amino acids, individually and in combination, are sold as dietary supplements. Claims to supplement with the leafine, valine and isoleucine leaf chain amino acids are to stimulate the synthesis of muscle proteins. A review of the literature concludes this claim is unwarranted. In elderly, supplementation only with leucine results in an increase in lean body mass (0.99 kg). The non-essential amino acid arginine, which is consumed in sufficient quantities, is considered to act as a donor for the synthesis of nitric oxide, a vasodilator. A review confirmed a decrease in blood pressure. Taurine, a popular dietary supplement material with claims made for sports performance, is technically not an amino acid. It is synthesized in the body from amino acid cysteine.
Bodybuilding Supplement
Bodybuilding supplements are dietary supplements commonly used by those involved in bodybuilding, weight lifting, mixed martial arts, and athletics for the purpose of facilitating an increase in lean body mass. The goal is to increase muscle, increase weight, improve athletic performance, and for some sports, to simultaneously lower body fat percent thus creating better muscle definition. Among the most widely used are high protein beverages, branch chain amino acids (BCAA), glutamine, arginine, essential fatty acids, creatine, HMB, and weight loss products. Supplements are sold either as a single material preparation or in the form of "piles" - an exclusive blend of various supplements that are marketed as offering synergistic benefits. While many bodybuilding supplements are also consumed by the general public the frequency of use will be different when used specially by bodybuilders. One meta-analysis concluded that for athletes who participate in resistance training exercises and take protein supplements for an average of 13 weeks, a total protein intake of up to 1.6 g/kg body weight per day will result in increased strength and fat-free. mass, ie muscle, but the higher intake will not contribute any further. The increase in muscle mass was statistically significant but simple - an average of 0.3 kg for all experiments and 1.0-2.0 Ã, kg, for protein intake > = 1.6 g/kg/day .
In 2010, annual sales of sports nutrition products in the United States were over US $ 2.7 billion, according to a publication by Consumer Reports .
Essential fatty acids
Fish oil is a commonly used fatty acid supplement as it is a source of omega-3 fatty acids. Fatty acids are strings of carbon atoms, have long ranges. If all the links are single (C-C), then the fatty acids are called saturated ; with one double bond (C = C), this is called monounsaturated ; if there are two or more double bonds (C = C = C), it is called polyunsaturated . Only two fatty acids, both polyunsaturated, are considered essential to obtain from the diet, since others are synthesized in the body. Essential fatty acids are alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), omega-3 fatty acids, and linoleic acid (LA), omega-6 fatty acids. ALA can extend in the body to create other omega-3 fatty acids: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).
Plant oils, especially seeds and peanut oil, contain ALA. Food sources of EPA and DHA are marine fish, while sources of dietary supplements include fish oil, krill oil and seaweed extract. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) identifies 250 mg/day for the combined total EPA and DHA as Adequate Feeding, with the recommendation that pregnant or lactating women consume an additional 100 to 200 mg/day DHA. In the United States and Canada is an Adequate Feed for ALA and LA during various stages of life, but no level of intake is prescribed for EPA and/or DHA.
Supplementation with EPA and/or DHA does not appear to affect the risk of death, cancer or heart disease. Furthermore, research on fish oil supplements has failed to support claims to prevent heart attacks or strokes. In 2017, the American Heart Association issued scientific advisors stating that they can not recommend the use of omega-3 fish oil supplements for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease or stroke, although reaffirming supplements for people with a history of coronary heart disease.
Natural products
Dietary supplements can be produced using whole sources or extracts from plants, animals, algae, fungi or mosses, including examples such as ginkgo biloba, curcumin, cranberries, St. John's wort, ginseng, resveratrol, glucosamine and collagen. Products containing health promotional claims are sold without the need for a prescription at pharmacies, supermarkets, specialty stores, military commissars, buyer clubs, direct sales organizations, and the internet. While most of these products have a long history in the use of herbs and various forms of traditional medicine, there are concerns about the efficacy, safety, and consistency of their true quality. Canada has published producer and consumer guides explaining the quality, permissions, standards, identities, and general contaminants of natural products. By 2016, the only herbal supplement sales in the United States is $ 7.5 billion, with a market growth of about 8% per year. Italy, Germany and Eastern European countries are leading consumers of botanical supplements by 2016, with EU market growth forecast to $ 8.7 billion by 2020.
Probiotics
In humans, the colon is host to more than 1,000 species of microorganisms, mostly bacteria, which amount to tens of trillions. "Probiotics" in the context of dietary supplements is the theory that by taking orally certain living bacterial species (or yeast), it is possible to affect the microbiota of the large intestine, with consequent health benefits. Although there are many benefits claimed to use probiotic supplements, such as maintaining digestive health, in part by lowering the risk and severity of constipation or diarrhea, and improving immune health, including low risk and severity of acute upper respiratory infections, ie, common cold, such claims all supported by sufficient clinical evidence. A review based on interviews with dozens of experts in microbiomic research expressed concerns about "... how biomedical research is co-opted by commercial entities that place health benefits." These concerns are timely, because through 2021, probiotic supplements are expected to be the fastest growing segment of the worldwide food supplement market, while at the same time, the global health benefits market for probiotic yogurt (food, not dietary supplements) declines.
Like all dietary supplements, in the United States, inappropriate label health claims such as preventing or treating illnesses are challenged by the FDA and deceptive advertising by the Federal Trade Commission. Food probiotics and dietary supplements are allowed to make claims using Structure: Vocabulary function as long as human trials are sufficient. In 2005, the FDA issued a Warning Letter to the UAS Laboratory for claims of disease treatment (colds, flu, ulcers, elevated blood cholesterol, colon cancer...). The company revises the label and content of the website and continues to sell the product. In 2011 the company was found to have continued labeling and website claims, and the FDA seized the product and stopped production. In 2010, FTC action was filed against probiotic food companies for excessive health claims, resulting in millions of dollars in fines and revisions for future advertising. In the European Union, a more rigorous approach has been taken by EFSA. All health claims filed are rejected on the grounds that science is inadequate, and no health claims are permitted. Foods with live microorganisms (yogurt, kefir) can be sold, but without claims.
Probiotic supplements are generally considered safe. The greatest concern, evidenced by the review report on the case study, is that for people with integrity of the intestinal wall compromised there may be a risk of systemic infection. For this reason, probiotic studies are expected to exclude antibiotic-resistant bacterial species.
Industry
By 2015, the American market for dietary supplements is worth $ 37 billion, with the economic impact in the United States for 2016 estimated at $ 122 billion, including wages and taxes. One analysis of 2016 estimates the total market for dietary supplements could reach $ 278 billion worldwide by 2024.
Controversy
Forgery
During the 2008 to 2011 period, the US Government Accountability Office (GAO) received 6,307 reports of health problems (identified as side effects) from the use of dietary supplements containing a combination of ingredients in the production of vitamins, minerals or other supplement products, with 92% supplements herbs containing lead and 80% contain other chemical contaminants. By using undercover staff, GAO also found that supplement retailers deliberately engaged in "deceptive fraud" to sell advertised products with baseless health claims, especially for elderly consumers. Consumer Reports also reported unsafe arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury levels in some protein powder products. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) reports that spiking protein, ie, the addition of amino acids to manipulate protein content analysis, is common. Many companies are involved challenging CBC claims.
A 2013 study of herbal supplements found that many products were of poor quality, one-third did not contain the claimed active ingredient, and one-third contained unregistered substances. In a genetic analysis of herbal supplements, 78% of the samples contained animal DNA that was not identified as an ingredient on the product label. In some botanical products, unpublished ingredients are used to increase most of the products and reduce production costs, while potentially violating certain religious and/or cultural barriers in consuming animal ingredients, such as cattle, buffalo or deer. In 2015, the New York Attorney General identified four major retailers with food supplement products containing fraudulent and potentially hazardous ingredients, requiring companies to remove products from retail stores.
Litigation against false health claims
The United States Food and Drug Administration, Office of Inspection, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigation, monitors supplement products for accuracy in advertisements and labeling, and when discovered breaches, warns manufacturers of upcoming enforcement actions, including search and seizure, orders, and/or financial penalties, as for the Maine supplement company in 2017. The United States Federal Trade Commission, which is litigating against deceptive advertising, sets up consumer centers to help report false health claims in product advertisements for dietary supplements, and, by 2017, successfully sued nine manufacturers for deceptive advertising of dietary supplements.
Adverse effects
In the United States, manufacturers of dietary supplements are required to demonstrate the safety of their products before approval is given for trade. Despite these cautions, many side effects have been reported, including muscle cramps, hair loss, joint pain, liver disease, and allergic reactions, with 29% adverse effects resulting in hospitalization, and 20% for serious injury or illness. With more than five-fold, the highest incidence of health problems comes from "combination products", while supplements for vitamins and minerals, lipid products, and herbal products are less likely to cause adverse effects.
Among the common reasons for the possible harmful effects of dietary supplements are: a) absorption in a short time, b) the quality and contamination of the manufacture, and c) increase the positive and negative effects at the same time. The incidence of liver damage from herbal and dietary supplements is about 16-20% of all supplemental products that cause injury, with the occurrence of global growth during the early 21st century. The most common liver injury from weight loss and bodybuilding supplements involves hepatocellular damage with the resulting jaundice, and the most common supplemental ingredients associated with this injury are green tea catechins, anabolic steroids, and herbal, aegeline extracts. Weight loss supplements also have an adverse psychiatric effect.
Society and culture
Public health
The work done by scientists in the early 20th century to identify individual nutrients in food and develop ways to make them evoke hope that optimal health can be achieved and disease prevented by adding them to food and providing people with dietary supplements; while there are successes in preventing vitamin deficiencies, and preventing conditions such as neural tube defects by supplementing and fortifying foods with folic acid, no supplementation or fortification strategies targeted to prevent major illnesses such as cancer or cardiovascular disease have proven successful.
For example, while increased consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduced mortality, cardiovascular disease and cancer, supplementation with key factors found in fruits and vegetables, such as antioxidants, vitamins, or minerals, is unhelpful and some have been found to be dangerous in some cases. In general by 2016, stronger clinical data is lacking, which suggests that all types of dietary supplements are better than harm to healthy people and eat a reasonable diet but there is clear data showing that dietary patterns and lifestyle choices are related to health outcomes.
As a result of the lack of good data for supplementation and strong data for dietary patterns, public health recommendations for healthy eating encourage people to eat plant-based diets from whole foods, minimize processed foods, salt and sugar and to exercise daily. , and to abandon the Western diet and lifestyle patterns of inactivity.
Legal rule
United States
The regulation of diet and dietary supplements by the US Food and Drug Administration is governed by various laws passed by the United States Congress and interpreted by the US Food and Drug Administration ("FDA"). Under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (the "Act") and its accompanying laws, the FDA has the authority to monitor the quality of substances sold as food in the United States, and to monitor claims made in the label about both. composition and health benefits of food.
FDA-regulated substances as food are divided into various categories, including foods, food additives, additives (artificial substances that are not deliberately inserted into food but end up in it), and dietary supplements. Specific standards made by the FDA differ from one category to the next. Furthermore, the FDA has been given various ways that can overcome standard violations for certain substance categories.
The preparation of dietary supplements is required to comply with good manufacturing practices established in 2007. The FDA may visit manufacturing facilities, send warning letters if they do not comply with GMP, discontinue production, and if there are health risks, require the company to withdraw.
European Union
The EU Food Supplement (EU) regulations of 2002 require that supplements prove safe, both in dosage and in purity. Only proven safe supplements can be sold in the EU without a prescription. As a food category, dietary supplements can not be labeled with drug claims but can bear health claims and nutritional claims.
The food supplement industry in England (UK), one of the 28 countries in the block, strongly opposes the Directive. In addition, a large number of consumers across Europe, including more than a million in the UK, and various doctors and scientists, have signed a petition in 2005 against what petitioners see as an unjustifiable restriction of consumer choice. In 2004, along with two British trade associations, Alliance for Natural Health (ANH) has legal challenges to the Food Supplements Directive referring to the European Court by the High Court in London.
Although the Advocate General of the European Court later said that the bloc plans to tighten rules on the sale of vitamins and dietary supplements should be canceled, he was eventually rejected by the European Court, which ruled that such measures were necessary and appropriate for the purpose of protecting public health. However, ANH, interpreting the ban applies only to synthetically produced supplements, and not to the vitamins and minerals normally found or consumed as part of the diet. Nevertheless, European judges acknowledge the Advocate General's concerns, stating that there must be a clear procedure for allowing substances to be added to the list authorized by scientific evidence. They also said that the refusal to add products to the list should be open to challenge in court.
Research
Examples of ongoing government research organizations to better understand the potential health and safety properties of dietary supplements are the European Food Safety Authority, Dietary Supplements Office of the US National Institutes of Health, the Directorate of Natural Health Products and Non-Prescription of Canada, and the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration. Together with public and private research groups, the agency builds a database on supplement properties, conducts research on the quality, safety, and trends in population use of supplements, and evaluates the potential clinical efficacy of supplements to maintain health or reduce the risk of disease.
Database
As ongoing research on the properties of supplements accumulates, the databases or fact sheets for various supplements are regularly updated, including the Additional Label Database diet, the Additional Diagnostic Database Diet, and the Supplementary Diet Facts Fact Sheet of the United States. In Canada where the license is issued when the supplement product has been proven by the manufacturer and the government to be safe, effective and of sufficient quality for the recommended use, the 8-digit Natural Product Numbers are set and recorded in the Licensed Natural Health Product. Database. The European Food Safety Authority maintains a summary of the botanical ingredients used in the manufacture of dietary supplements.
In 2015, the Australian Government Health Department publishes a review of herbal supplements to determine whether it is appropriate for health insurance coverage. Establishing guidelines for assessing the safety and efficacy of botanical supplement products, the European Drug Agency provides criteria for evaluating and assessing the quality of clinical research in preparing monographs on herbal supplements. In the United States, the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health from the National Institutes of Health provides fact sheets that evaluate the safety, potential effectiveness and side effects of many botanical products.
Quality and security
To ensure that supplements have sufficient quality, standardization, and safety for public consumption, research efforts have focused on developing reference materials for the manufacture and monitoring of supplements. High dosage products have received research attention, especially for emergency situations such as vitamin A deficiency in malnourished children, and for women taking folic acid supplements to reduce breast cancer risk.
Population monitoring
In the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) has investigated the habit of using dietary supplements in the context of the total dietary intake of diets in adults and children. During the period 1999 to 2012, the use of multivitamins decreased, and there was wide variability in the use of individual supplements among subgroups based on age, gender, race/ethnicity, and educational status. Special attention has been given to the use of folate supplements by young women to reduce the risk of fetal neural tube defects.
Clinical studies
Research initiatives to increase knowledge about the possible health benefits of supplementation with nutrients essential for lowering disease risk have been extensive. For example, only in 2017 there are reviews about
- vitamin D, providing evidence for protection against acute respiratory infections
- iron, to prevent iron deficiency anemia and adverse effects on the fetus
- folate, to reduce the risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease
- some supplements that have no useful evidence to reduce the risk of death, cardiovascular disease or cancer
2017 reviews show an increasing incidence of liver injury from the use of herbal and dietary supplements, especially those containing steroids, green tea extracts, or some ingredients.
No benefits
The potential benefits of using an essential nutritional dietary supplement to reduce the risk of disease have been refuted by the findings of no effect or weak evidence in various clinical reviews, such as for heart disease, cancer, HIV, or tuberculosis.
Future
Increasing public information about the use of dietary supplements involves investing in professional training programs, further population studies and nutritional needs, expanding database information, improving collaboration between governments and universities, and translating food supplement research into useful information for consumers, healthcare professionals, scientists. , and policy makers. Demonstration of the future efficacy of the use of dietary supplements requires high quality clinical research using highly qualified products and in accordance with established guidelines for reporting clinical trial results (eg CONSORT guidelines).
See also
References
Further reading
- Dietary Supplements: General Resources for Consumers (PDF | 131 KB), Food and Nutrition Information Center, National Agricultural Library. List of resources that provide an overview of herbal and dietary supplements, including use, regulation, research, and warning information.
- Questions to Ask Before Taking Supplements of Vitamins and Minerals, Nutrition.gov.
- Food Facts Supplement Sheet, Office of NIH Diet Supplements.
External links
- MedlinePlus, Herbs and Supplements, National Medical Library of the United States
- Using a Wise Diet Supplement, the US National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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