A brass instrument is a musical instrument that generates sound by the sympathetic vibrations of air in a tubular resonator that sympathizes with the vibrations of the player's lips. The brass instrument is also called labrosones , literally meaning "lips vibrating instrument".
There are several factors involved in producing different tones on brass instruments. Slides, valves, crooks (though they are rarely used today), or keys are used to alter the length of the vibratory tubing, thus changing the harmonic series available, while the player embouchure, lipstick and airflow function to select the specific harmonics generated from the available series.
The view of most scholars (see organology) is that the term "brass instrument" must be defined by the way the sound is made, as above, and not by whether the instrument is actually made of brass. So people find brass instruments made of wood, such as reeds, cornettes, snakes, and didgeridoo, while some wooden musical instruments are made of brass, like a saxophone.
Video Brass instrument
Family
Modern brass instruments generally come in one of two families:
- Valved a brass instrument using a set of valves (usually three or four but as many as seven or more in some cases) is operated by a player's radius that introduces additional tubing, or criminals, into instrument, changing the overall length. This family includes all modern brass instruments except trombone: trumpet, horn (also called French horn), euphonium, and tuba, and cornet, flugelhorn, tenor horn (alto horn), baritone horn, sousaphone, and mellophone. As the dominant valved instrument among today's brasses, a more thorough discussion of their work can be found below. The valve is usually a piston valve, but can be a rotary valve; the latter is the norm for horns (except in France) and also common in the tuba.
- Slide the brass instrument using slides to change the length of the tube. The main instrument in this category is the trombone family, although trombone valves are sometimes used, especially in jazz. The ancestral families of trombone, sackbut, and bazooka folk instruments also exist in the slide family.
There are two other families who have, in general, become functionally outdated for practical purposes. However, both instruments are sometimes used for performances of Baroque or Classical instruments. In more modern compositions, they are sometimes used for the intonation or color of their tones.
- Natural The brass instrument only plays a tone in the harmonic circuit of the instrument. This includes trumpets and trumpet variants and older horns. Trumpet is a natural brass instrument before about 1795, and horns before about 1820. In the 18th century, the makers developed interchangeable criminals of different lengths, allowing players to use a single instrument on more than one key. Natural instruments are still played for period performances and some ceremonial functions, and are sometimes found in more modern scores, as did Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss. The keyed or fingered
- Keyed or Fingered instrument uses a hole along the body of the instrument, which is covered by a finger or with a finger-operated pad (key) in a manner similar to a woodwind instrument. These include cornettes, snakes, ophicleide, trumpet keys and a tapered trumpet. They are harder to play than valved instruments.
Bore taper and diameter
The brass instrument can also be characterized by two generalizations about the geometry of the hole, that is, the pipe between the funnel and the burning of the tube to the bell. Both generalizations are related to
- the level of slope or hole cone and
- the diameter of the hole to its length.
Cylinders vs. cone hole
While all valved instruments and modern brass slides are composed of conical parts and parts of cylindrical tubing, they are divided as follows:
- The bore cylinders brass instruments are those in which about a constant diameter of the tube dominates. The Cylindrical Bore Brass Instrument is generally considered to have a lighter, sharper tone quality compared to the brass cone bore instrument. Trumpet, and all trombones are cylindrical holes. In particular, the slide design of trombone requires this.
- Bore cone brass instruments are those where the diameter tubing continues to increase dominating. Shell-shaped bore instruments are generally considered to have a softer tone quality than cylindrical bore brass instruments. British "brass band" instrument groups fall into this category. These include flugelhorn, cornet, tenor horn (alto horn), baritone horn, horn, euphonium and tuba. Some cone bore brass instruments are more conical than others. For example, the flugelhorn differs from the cornet by having a percentage higher than the cone tubing length rather than the cornet, in addition to having a larger hole than the cornet. In the 1910s and 1920s, E.A. The Couturier Company built a brass tape instrument using patents for continuous cone holes without cylindrical parts even for valves or slide tuners. Whole-tube vs. half-tube
- Whole-tube instrument has a larger hole in relation to the length of the tube, and can play the fundamental tones with ease and precision. Tuba and euphonium are examples of whole tube instruments. The
- Half-tube instrument has smaller holes in relation to the length of the tube and can not easily or accurately play the undertones. The second partial (first note) is the lowest record of any practical tubing length to be played on a half-tube instrument. Trumpets and horns are an example of a half-tube brass instrument.
- Alphorn (wood)
- Snail (shell)
- Didgeridoo (wood, Australia)
- Natural horn (no valves or slides - except tuning tuners in some cases)
- Jazzophone
- Keyed trumpet (brass key)
- Breathlessly puffed (brass locked)
- Snake (threaded brass)
- Ophicleide (brass locked)
- Shofar (animal horn)
- Vladimirskiy rozhok (wood, Russia)
- Vuvuzela (simple short horn, disputed origins but achieving fame or fame through many plastic samples at the 2010 World Cup)
- Lur
- The first valve: 1 / 8 of the main tube, making an interval of 9: 8, the main seconds of pythagoran
- The 2nd valve: 1 / 15 of the main tube, creating 16:15 intervals, just one small second
- The 3rd valve: 1 / 5 of the main tube, creates an interval of 6: 5, a small third
- A trigger can be a mechanical lever that extends a slide when pressed in the opposite direction. The trigger pops up in such a way that it returns the slide to its original position when it is released.
- The term "trigger" also describes a device that extends the length of a particular main instrument pipe to shift its range to other game ranges, as well as certain trombones.
- two to three trumpets
- two to four French horns
- two tenor trombons
- one trombone bass
- one tuba
- The baroque and orchestra of the classical period may include trumpets without trumpets or trumpets, or have trumpet/corner trumpets to play these parts, and they may include a horn without valves, or have a level horn that plays these parts.
- Romantic, modern, and contemporary orchestras can include more brasses including more exotic instruments.
- four to six trumpets or stem
- four French horns
- two to four tenor trombons
- one to two bass trombones
- two to three euphonium or baritone horns
- two to three tubes
- one soprano cornet
- ten corners
- one flugelhorn
- three horn (alto) horn
- two baritone horns
- two tenor trombons
- one trombone bass
- two euphonium
- two E ? tuba
- two B ? tuba
- two trumpets
- one horn
- one trombone
- one tuba or bass trombone
- Large bands usually include:
- four trumpets
- four tenor trombons
- one trombone bass (replacing one of the tenor trombons)
- Smaller jazz ensembles may include a single player trumpet or trombone.
- three trumpets
- three trombones
- two alto horns, also called "charchetas" and "saxores"
- one sousaphone, called "tuba"
- Wind instrument
- Drums and trumpet corps (modern)
- Pitch of brass instruments
- The horn section
- Brass instrument valves
- Brass Instrument Information about each Brass Instrument
- Traditional brass instrumentation, 1991 (RealPlayer format) video featuring Robert Barclay maker; from the Canadian Museum of Civilization website.
- Orchestra: User Guide - Brass
- Brassmusic.Ru - Russian Brass Community
- Acoustic Instrument Brass from Acoustic Music at New South Wales University
- Early Valve Design, John Ericson
- 3-Valve and 4-Valve Compensating Systems, David Werden
The second division, based on the bore diameter in relation to the length, determines whether the fundamental tone or the first note is the lowest piece available practically for the player: The
For a 'fundamental' half-tube instrument, though half the second harmonic frequency, is actually a pedal record rather than a true fundamental
Other brass instruments
The instruments in this list fall for many reasons beyond the scope of most of the above discussion of the brass instrument family.
Maps Brass instrument
Valves
The valve is used to change the tubing length of the brass instrument allowing the player to achieve records from various harmonic series. Each valve is pressed to divert airflow through an additional pipe, individually or together with other valves. This extends the vibrating air column thereby lowering the base tone and associated harmonic circuit generated by the instrument. The design exists, albeit rarely, where this behavior is reversed, ie pressing the valve eliminates the length of the tube rather than adding one. One modern example of the ascending valve is the Yamaha YSL-350C trombone, where an additional valve tube is usually used to bend instruments in B ? , and pressing the thumb lever removes all the steps to throw the instrument in C. The valve requires regular lubrication.
The standard core valve layout based on the action of three valves has become almost universal with (most recently) 1864 as witnessed by the Arban Method published that year. The effects of certain valve combinations can be seen in the table below. This table is correct for the 3-valve core layout on almost all modern valved brass instruments. The most common four-valve layout is a superset of established 3-valve layout and recorded in the table, although the exposition of four valves as well as the five valve systems (most recently used on tubes) is incomplete in this article.
Tuning
Because the valve is lower pitch, the valve that makes the pitch too low (flat) creates intervals that are wider than desired, while the sharply playing valve creates a narrower interval than desired. Disadvantages Intonation of brass instruments independent of the tuning or temperament system inherent in the most popular valve design physics, which uses a small number of valves in combination to avoid excessive pipe length and weight (this is entirely separate from slight deficiencies between the same temperament system ) on Western music and a fair (unequal) temperament of the harmonic series itself). Since each pipe elongation has an inverse proportional effect on the pitch (Pitch of brass instruments), whereas pitch perception is logarithmic, there is no way to add a simple and uncompensated length to be true in any combination when compared to the pitches of the open tube and other valves.
The absolute pipe length
For example, with a tube length equal to 100 units of open length, one can obtain the following tuning differences:
Playing a note using a valve (especially 1 3 and 1 2 3) requires compensation to adjust the adjustment appropriately, either by the control of the lips and the breath of the player, through mechanical assistance of some sort, or, in the case of the horn, with the hand position stopping at the bell. 'T' stands for trigger on trombone.
Relative tube length
Traditionally, the valve lowered the instrument tone by adding an extra tube length based on the proper adjustment:
Combining instrument valves and harmonics leads to the following ratios and comparisons for adjustments equal to 12 tones and for general five-border adjustment in C:
Tuning compensation
The additional pipe for each valve usually has its own short tuning slide for adjustment of valve fine tuning, except when it is too short to make this practical. For these first and third valves are often designed to be adapted as a playable instrument, to account for deficiencies in the valve system.
In most trumpets and midribs, compensation should be provided by extending the third valve slide with the third or fourth finger, and the first valve shifts with the thumb of the left hand (see Trigger or throw below). This is used to lower the pitch of the valve combination 1-3 and 1-2-3. In trumpet and cornet, this valve combination corresponds to low D, low C ? , low G, and low F ? , so chromatically, to stay in sync, one should use this method.
In the instrument with the fourth valve, such as tuba, euphonium, piccolo trumpet, etc. The valve lowered the pitch to a fourth complete; This is used to compensate for the sharpness of the combination valves 1-3 and 1-2-3 (4 replacing 1-3, 2-4 replacing 1-2-3). All three of these normal valves can be used in addition to the fourth to increase the reach of the instrument down to a fourth complete, albeit with increasingly heavy intonation problems.
When a four valved model without any kind of compensation plays in the appropriate registers, the sharpness becomes so severe that the player must sound a half-step below the one they are trying to play. This eliminates a half-step note above their open fundamentals.
Low brass instrument manufacturers can choose one or a combination of four basic approaches to offset tuning difficulties, each of which benefits are debatable:
Compensation system
In the Compensation system, each of the first two (or three) valves has an additional set of tubes extending from the rear of the valve. When the third (or fourth) valve is pressed in combination with the other, air is directed through both ordinary sets plus extra tubes, so that the pitch is lowered by the appropriate amount. This allows the instruments of compensation to play with accurate intonation in octaves under their open second partial, which is essential for tuba and euphonium in most of their repertoire.
The compensation system is applied to the horn to serve different purposes. It is used to allow multiple horns in F and B ? to alleviate the difficulty of playing in high lists. Unlike the system used in tubes and euphonium, the 'default' side of the horn is the longer F horn, with the length of the secondary tube coming into play when the first, second or third valves are pressed; pressing the thumb valve takes this secondary valve slide and the extra length of the main pipe from the play to produce a shorter B ? horn. The "full double" design then has a completely separate pipe section for both sides, and is considered superior, though heavier.
Additional valves
Initially, the compensation instrument tends to sound sultry and blow less freely because the air is duplicated back through the main valve. In the initial design, this causes a sharp turn in the tubing and other obstructions of the airflow. Therefore some manufacturers prefer to add more 'straight' valves, which for example can be a bit lower than the 2nd and 1st valves and are intended to be used instead of these in their respective valve combinations. Although it has not been featured in euphonium for decades, many professional tubes are still built like this, with five valves common to CC- and BB ? -tubas and five or six valves in F-tubas.
The double horn compensation can also suffer because of the vacuum generated from the air passing through the valve section twice, but since this really only affects the longer F side, double compensation can be very useful for first or third horn players, which uses less side F.
Set additional slides on each valve
Another approach is the addition of two sets of slides for different parts of the range. Some euphonium and tuba are built like this, but today, this approach becomes very exotic for all instruments except the horn, where it is the norm, usually in a double configuration, sometimes even triple.
Trigger or throw
Some valved brass instruments provide a trigger or throw that manually extends (or, more generally, shortens) the main tuning slide, valve slide, or main tube. This mechanism changes the note tone naturally sharp in a particular instrument register, or shifts the instrument to another range of games. Triggers and throws allow quick adjustment when playing.
Triggers are used in two senses:
The throw is a simple metal handle for the finger or thumb of the player, which is attached to the slide of the valve. The general term "throw" can describe u-hook, saddle (u-shaped grip), or ring (ring-shaped handle) in which the finger or thumb of the player is located. A player extends a finger or thumb to extend the slide, and shortens the finger to return the slide to its original position.
Examples of instruments that use triggers or throw
Trumpet or cornet
Trigger or throw is sometimes found on the first slide of the valve. They are operated by players' thumbs and are used to adjust various records using the first valve, especially the top line written F, A above just above it, and B ? above that. Another note requiring the first slide of the valve, but no problem without it includes the first line E, F above it, A above it, and the third line of B ? .
Triggers or tosses are often found on the third slide of the valve. They are operated by fourth finger players, and are used to adjust low D and C ? . Trumpets usually use throws, while cornets may have throws or triggers.
Trombone
Trombone triggers are primarily but not exclusively mounted on F-trigger, bass, and contrabass trombone to alter tubing length, thus making certain ranges and pitches more accessible.
Euphoniums
Euphonium sometimes has a trigger on valves other than 2 (mainly 3), although many professional quality euphonium, and indeed other brass band instruments, have the trigger for the main tuning slides.
Mechanism
The two main valve mechanism types are the rotary valve and the piston valve . The first piston valve instrument was developed right after the beginning of the 19th century. The StÃÆ'¶lzel valve (created by Heinrich StÃÆ'¶lzel in 1814) is an early variety. In the mid-19th century, the Vienna valve was an improved design. Yet many professional musicians chose swivel valves for faster and more reliable action, so that better piston valve designs were produced massively towards the end of the 19th century. Since the early decades of the 20th century, piston valves have become the most common in brass instruments except for orchestral and tubal horns. See also Brass Instrument Valves article.
Sound production in brass instrument
Because the brass instrument player has direct control of the main vibrator (lips), the brass instrument exploits the player's ability to select the harmonics in which the instrument column vibrates. By making the instrument about twice as long as the equivalent woodwind instrument and starting with the second harmonic, the player can get a good tone range only by varying the tension of their lips (see embouchure).
Most brass instruments are equipped with removable mouthpieces. Various shapes, sizes and funnel styles can be used to adjust the various embungur, or to more easily produce certain tone characteristics. Trumpets, trombones, and tubes are typically equipped with a stem-shaped mouthpiece, while the horn is equipped with a cone-shaped funnel.
One interesting difference between a woodwind instrument and a brass instrument is an indirect woodwind instrument. This means that the resulting sound spreads in all directions with approximately the same volume. The brass instrument, on the other hand, is very directional, with most of the resulting sound running straight out of the bell. This difference makes it more difficult to record brass instruments accurately. It also plays a major role in some performance situations, such as in marching bands.
Producing
Metal
Traditionally the instrument is usually made of brass, polished and then varnished to prevent corrosion. Some instruments with higher quality and higher cost use gold or silver plating to prevent corrosion.
Alternatives to brass including other alloys contain large amounts of copper or silver. This alloy is biostatic due to its oligodynamic effect, and thereby suppresses the growth of fungi, fungi or bacteria. Brass instruments made of stainless steel or aluminum have excellent sound quality but are quickly colonized by microorganisms and become unpleasant to play.
Most higher-quality instruments are designed to prevent or reduce galvanic corrosion between any steel in valves and springs, and brass from pipes. It can be a desiccant design, to keep the valve dry, victim zinc, reusable valve core and spring, plastic insulation washers, or nonconductive or noble materials for valve and spring cores. Some instruments use some features like that.
The process of making a large open end (bell) of a brass instrument called beating metal . In making bells, for example, trumpets, a person spells out patterns and forms sheet metal into bell shapes using templates, machine tools, hand tools, and blueprints. The makers cut the empty bells, using hand or electric scissors. He hammers blankly over the bell-shaped mandrel, and cuts the stitches, using the tool of formation. The seams are brazed, using a torch and smoothed using a hammer or file. An image bench or arbor press is equipped with an expanded lead plug used to form and smooth the bell and the bell neck above the mandrel. The lathe is used to rotate the bell head and form the beads at the head of the bell. Earlier annealed-shaped neck bell, using a hand torch to soften the metal for further bending. Scratches are removed from the bell using an abrasive coated cloth.
Other materials
Some special instruments are made of wood.
Instruments made mostly from plastic emerged in 2010 as a cheaper and more powerful alternative to brass. Plastic tools can come in different colors. The musical instruments sound produce different from brass, lacquer, gold or silver. Although originally seen as a gimmick, these plastic models have been increasing in popularity over the last decade and are now seen as a workout tool that makes travel more comfortable as well as a cheaper option for beginner players.
Ensembles
The brass instrument is one of the main classical instrument families and is played in various musical ensembles.
The orchestra includes a variety of brass instruments depending on the style and music era, usually:
The band concert generally has a larger brass section than the orchestra, usually:
The English brass ribbon is entirely made of brass, most of the cone-shaped instruments. Typical membership is:
Quintet is a common brass ensemble; quintet usually contains:
Big bands and other jazz bands generally contain a cylindrical bore brass instrument.
Bandas Mexico has:
Single brass instruments are also often used to accompany other instruments or ensembles such as organs or choirs.
See also
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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