Coin flipping , tossing coins , or head or tail is the practice of throwing coins in the air and checking which side is shown on landing to choose between two alternatives, sometimes to settle disputes between the two parties. It is a sort of sorting that inherently has only two possibilities and possibly the same result.
Video Coin flipping
Histori
The historical origin of the flipping of coins is an interpretation of the outcome of opportunity as an expression of the divine will.
The reversing coins are known to Rome as navia aut caput ("ship or head"), because some coins have ships on one side and the emperor's head on the other. In the UK, this is referred to as cross and pile . The Head or Tail expression is generated from the head and tail that is considered a complementary body part.
Maps Coin flipping
Process
During a coin toss, a coin is thrown into the air as it rotates several times. Whether before or when coins are in the air, interested parties call "head" or "tail", indicating which side of the coin is chosen by that party. The other side is given the opposite side. Depending on the habit, coins can be caught; caught and reversed; or allowed to land on the ground. When the coins come to rest, the draw is over and the caller is properly or assigned the top side is declared the winner.
It is possible for a coin to land on the edge, usually by landing an object (like a shoe) or trapped in the ground. However, even on a flat surface it is possible for a coin to land on its edge, with possibly about 1 in 6000 for American nickel. The angular momentum usually prevents most of the coins from landing on the edges unsupported if reversed. Such cases where coins fall on the edges are very rare and in many cases the coins just turn back.
Coins can be of any kind as long as they have two different sides; it does not need to be a coin circulating like that. Larger coins tend to be more popular than smaller ones. Several high-profile coin toes, such as the Cricket World Cup and Super Bowl, used a specially made ceremonial medal.
Three way
Dozens of three-way coins are also possible, with different processes - this can be done either to choose two out of three, or to choose one out of three. To select two out of three, three coins are reversed, and if two coins appear the same and one different coin, a different lose (out), leaving two players. To choose one out of three, reverse this (odd-out coins are winners ), or add regular two-way coins flip between the remaining players as the second step. Note that the three-way flip is 75% probable to work each time it is attempted (if all coins are head or all are tail, each occurring 1/8 the time because of the possibility of 0.5 by 0.5 by 0.5, the flip is repeated until the result is different), and does not require "head" or "tail" to be called. The famous example of a three-way coin flip (select two out of three) was dramatized in Friday Night Lights (originally a book, then a movie and TV series), in which three middle school football teams with identical records use the flip three-way coin - at the truck stop - to determine the two who will advance to the playoffs. An inheritance of this flip coin is to reduce the use of coin flips to break the ties in Texas sports, instead of using a point system to reduce the bonding frequency.
Use in dispute resolution
Coin tossing is a simple and unbiased way to settle disputes or decide between two or more arbitrary options. In the theoretical analysis of the game, even providing opportunities for both parties involved, takes a little effort and prevents increased disagreement into a struggle. It is used extensively in sports and other games to decide on arbitrary factors such as the side of the field to be played by the team, or which side will attack or defend initially; these decisions may tend to favor one side, or may be neutral. Factors such as wind direction, sun position, and other conditions can influence decisions. In sports teams are often captains who make calls, while referees or referees usually oversee the process. A competitive method can be used instead of sweepstakes in some situations, for example in a soccer ball basketball is used, while face-offs play a similar role in ice hockey.
A flipping coin is used to decide which end of the field the team will play and/or which team first used the ball, or similar questions in football matches, American soccer games, Australian football rules, volleyball and other sports in need such as decisions. In the US, specially printed coins are reversed in National Football League matches; the coin is then sent to the Pro Football Hall of Fame, and other coins of the special series printed at the same time are sold to the collectors. The XFL, a short-lived American football league, avoids tossing coins by applying an "open fight" style, in which one player from each team tries to recover loose football; the team whose players recover the ball gets the first option. Due to the high level of injuries in these events, it has not yet reached the mainstream popularity in the football league (modified versions adopted by X-League Indoor Football, where every player is chasing his own ball), and throwing coins remains the preferred method in American football.
In football matches, the team that won the coin to choose which goal was attacked in the first half; the opposing team starts for the first half. For the second half, the team switched over, and the team that won the coin toss started. Coin tosses are also used to decide which teams choose first or second on penalties. Before the introduction of the early 1970s on penalties, a coin toss was sometimes needed to decide the outcome of a tied game. The most famous example of this is the semi-finals of the 1968 European Championships in Italy between Italy and the Soviet Union, which ended 0-0 after extra time. Italy won, and went on to become European champions.
In cricket, sweepstakes are often significant, because the decision of whether to hit or bowl first can affect the outcome of the game. Similarly, in a game of tennis, a coin toss is used in a professional game to determine which players serve first. The winning player decides whether to serve first or back, while the loser of the draw determines which part each player plays.
In a coin toss duel is sometimes used to determine which fighters have the sun on his back. In some other sports, the lottery is not very important and is just a way to choose between two more or less the same options.
The National Football League also has coin tosses for tie-breaking between teams for playoff berths and seeding, but rules make for the necessity of a coin toss, which is random rather than competitive, very unlikely. Similar procedures break the link for seeding purposes in the NFL Draft; this coin toss is more common, because the breaking procedure for this draft is much less complicated than that used for playoff breeding.
Major League Baseball has done a series of coin flips as a contingency in the last month of its regular season to determine the home team for every one-game playoff game that may need to be added to the regular season. Most of these cases do not occur. From the 2009 season, methods for determining field profits were changed.
The Internationale d'Escrime rules use coin tosses to determine the winner of a fencing match that is still tied at the end of the "sudden death" extra minute of the competition. Although in most international matches this is now done electronically by the rating agencies.
In the United States Asa Lovejoy and Francis W. Pettygrove, each of whom has land claims that would later become Portland, Oregon, want to name the new city after their respective hometowns in Boston, Massachusetts and Portland, Maine; Pettygrove wins the coin flip.
Scientists sometimes use flipping coins to determine the order in which they appear in the author's list of scientific papers.
Politics
Australia
In December 2006, the Australian television network Seven and Ten, which shared the broadcast of AFL Season 2007, decides who will broadcast the Grand Final with a coin toss. Ten network wins.
Canada
In some jurisdictions, a coin is reversed to decide between two candidates who are voting the same amount in elections, or two companies offering the same price for a project. For example, a coin toss decides the Toronto City tender in 2003 for a painting line on 1,605 km of city road: the offer is $ 161,110.00 ($ 100.3800623 per km), $ 146,584.65 ($ 91.33 per km, exact), and two equal bids $ 111,242.55 ($ 69.31 per km, to be exact).
Philippines
"Drawing a lot" is one method for breaking relationships to determine the winner in the election; coin flip is considered an acceptable variant. Each candidate will be given five chances to toss a coin; candidates with the highest number of "heads" winning. The mayoral election of 2013 at San Teodoro, Oriental Mindoro was decided on a coin flip, with the winners proclaimed after the second round when both candidates remained tied in the first round.
United Kingdom
In the UK, if a local or national election produces a tie in which the candidate receives the exact same number of votes, then the winner can either be decided by drawing a straw/lot, flip a coin, or drawing a high card in a pack of cards.
United States
In the United States, a coin toss determines the state senator class that is added to the Union, with the new state senator due to enter the US Senate. A number of countries providing "sweepstakes" in the election event ends with a tie - this is usually completed by a toss of a coin or choosing a name from a hat. The 2017 election to the 94th District of Virginia House of Delegates resulted in both Republican Republican David Yancey and Democratic challenger Shelly Simmonds tied to exactly 11,608 votes. Under state law, the election will be decided by drawing the name of the bowl, although a coin toss is also an acceptable option. The Election Board Chair pulled the film tube with the name Yancey, and he was declared the winner. In addition, the results of the draw were determined control of the entire House, as Republicans won 50 of the other 99 seats and Democrats 49. Yancey's victory extended Republican gains to 51-49, while Simmond's victory would produce 50-50 ties. Since there is no provision for terminating relations in the House as a whole, this will force power-sharing agreements between the two parties.
Physics
The results of flipping coins have been studied by Persi Diaconis and his colleagues. They have shown that the mechanical coin fins that implant the same initial conditions for each throw have very predictable results - fairly regular phase spaces. Furthermore, in actual flipping, people show little bias - "tossing coins is fair for two decimals but not up to three.That is to say, a typical flip shows a bias like.495 or.503."
In studying the flip of a coin, to observe the rotational speed of a coin, the first Diaconis uses a spotlight and coin with one side painted black, the other white, so that when the strobe spotlight speed equals the coin's rotation level, it seems to always show the same side. This proves difficult to use, and the rotation rate is more accurately calculated by attaching floss to the coin, so it will rotate around the coin - after the flip, one can calculate the rotation by removing the thread, and then calculate the rotation rate when reversing the air time.
In addition, their theoretical analysis of the physics of the coin toss predicts a slight bias for the caught coins to be caught in the same manner as thrown, with a probability of about 0.51, although subsequent attempts to verify this experimentally give ambiguous results. Witch and gambler's stage, with practice, can greatly improve this bias, while still making the throws visually indistinguishable from normal throws.
Because the image on both sides of the coin is actually made of raised metal, the throw is likely to be slightly beneficial to one face or the other if coins are allowed to roll on one side when landing. Spinning coins are much more likely to bias than flips, and tailors trim the edges of coins so that when spins they usually land on a particular face.
Anti-intuition properties
Human intuitions about conditional probabilities are often very bad and can lead to some seemingly surprising observations. For example, if consecutive coin tosses are recorded as strings "H" and "T", then for each throwing trial, it is twice as likely that a triplet TTH will occur before the ENT than after it. It's three times more likely that THH will precede HHT, than THH will follow HHT. (See game Penney)
Math
The mathematical abstraction of flipping coin statistics is explained through the Bernoulli process; one coin toss is a Bernoulli experiment. In statistical studies, coin-flipping plays a role as an introduction to statistical complexity. The usual textbook topic is to check if the coin is fair.
Telecommunications
There is no reliable way to use a true coin flip to resolve a dispute between two parties if they can not see the coin - for example, over the phone. Flipping parties can easily lie about the lottery results. In telecommunications and cryptography, the following algorithms can be used:
- Alice and Bob each choose a random string, "ljngjkrjgnfdudiudd" and "gfdgdfjkherfsfsd" respectively.
- Alice selects the result to flip imaginary coins, such as "tail"
- Bob sends Alice her random string "gfdgdfjkherfsfsd"
- Alice quickly calculates the cryptographic hash of the string "tail ljngjkrjgnfdudiudd gfdgdfjkherfsfsd", which 59dea408d43183a3937957e71a4bcacc616d9cbc and sends it to Bob
- Alice asks Bob: "head or tail"?
- Bob says, for example, "head".
- Alice told her that she just won, and proved it by showing the string "tail ljngjkrjgnfdudiudd gfdgdfjkherfsfsd".
- Bob can check that Alice is not lying by calculating SHA-1 from the string itself
- Furthermore, Bob by giving his own random string ensures that Alice can not process the "tail/random string" or "head/random string" image pairs.
Lottery
New Zealand lottery game Big Wednesday uses a coin toss. If a player matches all 6 of their numbers, a coin toss will decide whether they won a cash jackpot (minimum NZ $ 25,000) or a larger jackpot with a luxury prize (minimum 2 million NZ cash plus luxury gift value). in determining the prize of the Second Chance winner.
Clarify feelings
A technique associated with Sigmund Freud to assist in making difficult decisions is to throw coins not really to make decisions, but to clarify the feelings of decision makers. He explains: "I'm not saying you have to follow blindly what the coin says.All I want you to do is take note of what the coin shows, then look at your own reactions Ask yourself: Am I happy? "It will help you recognize how you feel about this problem, deep within. With that as a basis, you will be ready to make decisions and make the right decisions."
Poet poet Piet Hein Grooks includes poems about the same theme:
Psychological Tips
Whenever you are called to take a decision,
And you are hampered by not owning anything,
The best way to solve the dilemma, you will find,
Simply by rotating a dime No - no so that's a chance of deciding affairs
While you stand passively there is moping; But once the money runs out in the air,
You suddenly know what you expect.
See also
- Bernoulli Processes
- Throw (cricket)
- Checks whether the coins are fair
- Flipism
- Penney Game
- Gambler Error
- Stone-scissors-paper
- Two way
- Two Faces
Footnote
References
- Ford, Joseph (1983). "How random is the toss of a coin?". Today's Physics . 36 (4): 40-47. doi: 10.1063/1.2915570.
- Keller, Joseph B. (1986). "Head probability". American Mathematical Monthly . American Mathematical Association. 93 (3): 191-197. doi: 10.2307/2323340. JSTORÃ, 2323340.
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Vulovic, Vladimir Z.; Prange, Richard E. (1986). "Randomness from a true coin toss". Physical Review A . 33 (1): 576-582. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.33.576. PMIDÃ, 9896645.
External links
- Head or Tail? (Discussion about predictability of coin toss with reference)
- Coin Throwing Is Not So Random (Brief summary of Persi Diaconis work, with photo of a coin-throwing machine)
- Dynamic Bias in Coin Toss (by Persi Diaconis, Susan Holmes, and Richard Montgomery; very detailed) Site
- CoinToss (online coin toss)
- Flip the coin website (Reverses the coins virtually)
- Is the forecast invited by lottery invalid? (From Summa Theologica from Thomas Aquinas)
- The Casting of Lots (Discussions make decisions with accidental results throughout history)
- Coin Tossing - mathworld.com (Contains information about the opposite nature of thrown coins)
- Leading in Coin Tossing by Fiona Maclachlan, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.
- Examples of simple "Flip coin" php usage. (Sample php code based on random function)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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