Cross-country skiing includes a variety of formats for cross-country skiing competitions on top of various size programs in accordance with the rules approved by the International Ski Federation and by national organizations such as the US Ski and Snowboard Association (USSA) and Cross Country Ski Canada. International competitions include the Nordic FIS Ski World Championships, the FIS Inter-Country World Cup, and at the Winter Olympics. Such races occur on courses designed homologously and designed to support classical events (on track) and freestyle, where skiers can use skate skiing. It also includes cross-country ski marathon events, approved by Worldloppet Ski Federation, and cross-country orientation events, approved by the International Orienteering Federation. The associated competition form is biathlon, where competitors compete with cross-country skiing and stop to shoot targets with rifles, and paralimic cross-country skis allowing athletes with disabilities to compete in cross-country skiing with adaptive equipment.
Norwegian army units were skiing for sport (and gifts) in the 18th century. Beginning in the latter part of the twentieth century, techniques evolved from classical in-track techniques on foot to include skate-ski, which occurs on courses that have been broadcasted for those using this technique. At the same time, the equipment evolved from skis and poles made of wood and other natural materials to form manmade materials such as fiberglass, carbon fiber, and polyethylene plastic.
Athletes train to achieve endurance, strength, speed, skill, and flexibility at varying levels of intensity. Offseason training often occurs in dry land, sometimes on roller skis. Cross-country ski competition organizations aim to make the event accessible to both viewers and television viewers. Like any other sport that requires endurance, strength and speed, some athletes have chosen to use prohibited performance-enhancing drugs.
Video Cross-country skiing (sport)
History
In 1767, Danish-Norwegian general, Carl Schack Rantzau, codified four classes of military ski contests and assigned prizes for each:
- Take a snapshot of a target set at 40-50 steps while skiing downhill "high speed" (predecessor to biathlon).
- "Throw" themselves while racing down a tree "without falling or breaking the skis" (precursor to slalom).
- Races descend on large slopes without "riding or resting on their wands" or falling (predecessor to the downhill race).
- "Long racing" with complete military equipment and a gun on the shoulders above ca. 2.5 km "flat land" within 15 minutes (introduction to modern cross-country skiing).
The earliest record of the public skiing competition was for the 1843 show at TromsÃÆ'¸. The announcement called the event a "ski betting race". Different alpine techniques emerged around 1900 from how skiing was practiced until Mathias Zdarsky advocated "Lilienfelder Ski Method" as an alternative to Norwegian engineering. In Norway, langrenn refers to "competitive skis where the goal is to complete a certain distance on a predefined track in the shortest time possible". Alpine skiing competition (known as hilly race) was in Norway during the 18th and 19th centuries, but was stopped when the main ski festival in Oslo focused on a long race (competitive cross-country skiing) and the jump skiing (now known as Nordic discipline). Alpine discipline reappeared in Central Europe around 1920. The skiing tour competitions (Norway: turrenn turgan span is cross- state competition is open to the public, the competition is usually in the age category.
In the 1800s the racer used a single wooden pole, which was longer and stronger than the modern pole, and could be used to brake down the hill as well. In Norway, a race with two poles ("Finnish style") meets with resistance, beginning in the 1880s, when some rules of the race forbid them; objections include aesthetic issues - how they make skiers "[wobbling] like a goose". Since the use of pole pairs became the norm, materials preferred light and strength, starting with bamboo, which gave way to fiberglass, used at the 1968 Winter Olympics, aluminum, used in the 1972 Winter Olympics, and finally carbon fiber, introduced in 1975.
Skate skiing
Skate skiing was introduced for competition in the 20th century. At the first German skiing championships, held at Feldberg in the Black Forest in 1900, Norwegian Bjarne Nilssen won a 23 km cross-country race and observed using skating while skiing - a technique unknown to the audience. Johan GrÃÆ'¸ttumsbrÃÆ'  ¥ ten uses skating techniques at the 1931 World Championships at Oberhof, one of the earliest skating uses recorded in competitive cross-country skiing. This technique was later used in skiing games in the 1960s on the road and other corporate surfaces. Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen developed a styling variant for marathons or other endurance events in the 1970s by leaving one ski on the track as it slid out sideways with other skis (one-sided skating); this became known as the "marathon skate". Bill Koch (USA) developed further marathon skate techniques in the late 1970s. Skate-ski became widespread during the 1980s after Koch's success with it in the 1982 Cross Country Ski Championship drew more attention to this technique. Norwegian skier, Ove Aunli, started using this technique in 1984, when he found it much faster than the classic style. Skating is most effective on wide, smooth, neat paths, using fiberglass skis that glide well; it also benefits the stronger athlete - who, according to Olav BÃÆ'¸, is the reason that the technique made a breakthrough in the early 1980s. Athletes widely adopted skating to both sides during the 1985 World Championships and were officially adopted by the FIS in 1986 - despite early opposition from Norway, the Soviet Union and Finland - while preserving the show using only classical techniques.
Maps Cross-country skiing (sport)
Events
Winter Olympics
The Winter Olympics is the premier international sporting event that takes place every four years. The first Winter Olympics, the 1924 Winter Olympics, was held in Chamonix, France and included Nordic skiing (which includes cross-country skiing) among the five main disciplines. Cross-country events have evolved in the Winter Olympics since 1924, as seen on the following schedule:
- The 1924 Winter Olympics: Cross-country skiing debut.
- 1952 Winter Olympics: Nordic women ski debut
- 1956 Winter Olympics: men as far as 30 km and women 3x5 km added.
- 1964 Winter Olympics: 5 km women added.
- 1976 Winter Paralympics: Paralympic cross-country skiing added.
- 1980 Winter Olympics: 20 km women added.
- The 2002 Winter Olympics: Sprint performance and mass start event in Salt Lake City.
FIS Events
The FIS Nordic Ski World Championship has been held in various numbers and types of events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women. From 1924 to 1939, the World Championships were held every year, including the years with the Winter Olympics. After World War II, the World Championships were held every four years from 1950 to 1982. Since 1985, the World Championships have been held in bizarre years.
FIS events include:
- FIS Nordic Ski World Championship
- Inter-Country FIS World Cup: every year winner is announced which has the highest total score at the end of the World Cup season.
- FIS Nordic Joint World Cup
- Ski Tour: held annually since 2006, imitating the Tour de France, held in the Czech Republic, Germany, Italy and Switzerland.
Marathon ski
A ski marathon is a long distance, usually a point-to-point race, over 40 kilometers; some held together with shorter races and participation is usually open to the public. In Norway, such races are called turrenn ("ski tour race"). Major events have more than 10,000 attendees where the masses start often having an initial order modified by grouping of participants - who have been judged to have similar abilities, starting with an elite group of skiers and ending up with a group of the most experienced skiers. Skiers can use classical or skate-ski techniques, depending on the rules of the race. Awards are usually based on overall placements, placements by gender of athletes, and by age category. There are two main series in this category, Ski Classics and Worldloppet.
Classic Ski Series
Ski Classics is a commercially sponsored cross-country cross-country ski competition competition held in Europe. It originated in January 2011. In the winter of 2015-6, the tour consists of eight long-distance events, preceded by a 15km prologue and La Sgambeda of 24 km:
Worldloppet Series
The Worldloppet Ski Federation recognizes twenty marathons of skiing including those in the Ski Classics series (except La Diagonala and ÃÆ'â € | refjÃÆ'¤llslopet). They recognize athletes who complete Worldloppet races in 10 different countries, at least one of them must be on another continent, to qualify as "Worldloppet Master". The organization, approved by the FIS, is trying to attract elite racers to their events with the Golklopet World Cup and thus aims to "increase the media and spectator interest in long-distance racing." Important races, in addition to the Ski Classics series include:
Ski orienteering
The orienteering skis are the orienteering disciplines recognized by the International Orienteering Federation. The Orienteering Ski World Championships are held every year bizarrely and include sprints, medium and long range competitions, and Relays for men and women. The World Cup is held every year even. The World Junior Skiing Orienteering Championships and World Championship Ski World Championships are held every year.
Biathlon
Biathlon combines cross-country skiing and gun shooting. Depending on the shooting performance, the extra distance or time is added to the total distance/time of the contestant's run. For each round of shooting, the biathlete must reach five targets; skiers receive a penalty for any missed target, which varies according to competition rules; in certain competitions, one of the following penalties will apply:
- Exercise around a 150-meter (490 ft) penalty ring, which, depending on the conditions, takes 20-30 seconds for the elite athlete to complete.
- Added one minute to total skier time.
- The use of extra cartridges (placed at range range) to reach the target; only three additions are available for each round, and a penalty must be made for each remaining target.
Paralympic
Paralympic cross-country skiing is an adaptation of cross-country skiing for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic cross-country skiing is one of two Nordic ski disciplines in the Winter Paralympic Games; the other is biathlon. Competition is governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). Paralimpis cross-country skiing includes standing events, sitting events (for wheelchair users), and events for vision-impaired athletes under the rules of the International Paralympic Committee. These are divided into categories for people who have lost limbs, have an amputation, are blind, or have other physical disabilities, to continue their workout. The classification is to:
- Skiers who stand with arm defects, leg defects or with both hand and foot interference.
- Sit-Skiers, all with leg disorders, but with varying levels of body control.
- Skiers with visual impairment include blindness, low visual acuity, and limited visual field.
Techniques and supplies
The cross-country skiing competition uses one of two techniques, according to the show: classic and skating (in a free-style race, where all the techniques are allowed). Skiathlon combines two techniques in one race.
Skiing is lighter, narrower and designed to be faster than that used in cross-country recreational skiing and made of composite materials. For a classic event, the typical ski length is between 195 and 210 centimeters, while the ski length for skating is 170 to 200 cm. Skiing for skating is also more rigid than skiing for classics. Skiing is given wax for speed and, in the case of classic skiing, traction when stepping forward. Ski racing is also lighter than recreation and is mounted on the foot just for bindings that are specific to classic skiing or skate.
The ski pole racing is usually made of carbon fiber and features a lighter basket that is lighter than a recreational pole. Poles designed for skating are longer than those designed for classic skiing.
Classic
In classic cross-country skiing, skiing remains parallel, as the skier goes straight ahead. The down sides of the skis have a central grip section that is treated with special ski wax that gives friction when the leg is still, but slid when the foot moves, while the bottom of the other ski has a glide wax. Classical events occur in courses with tracks arranged by maintenance machines at appropriate intervals and with carefully planned curvature. Both poles can be used simultaneously ("double-poling") or with alternating legs and arms extended (as with walking or walking) by pushing the pole on opposite sides of the extended, sliding skis. In classic skiing techniques back and forth are used for "diagonal step" - the dominant classical sub-technique. On the diagonal foot-the move moves like a normal walk, but with longer and stronger steps. Diagonal is useful at ground level and on sloping slopes. Uphill's steps are shorter and more frequent. With two poles, both poles are used together for thrust, which can be added by stepping. Double-polling is useful at ground level and on sloping slopes. In the steep cliff fishbone technique can be used.
Skating
While skate skiing, these skiers provide thrust on the hard snow surface by pushing skis back and forth from each other at an angle, in a manner similar to ice skating. Skiing is lit with candles gliding across its length, making them faster than classic skis. Freestyle events take place in a smooth and wide field. With a double-poling skating technique usually used with skating steps back and forth or with each step skate. The following table places this polling sequence in order according to the speed achieved as the "gear" development. In the lowest gear (rarely used in racing), some circling the skateboard, similar to the diagonal step. In the highest gear, athletes glide without a pole. There are equivalent terms in other languages; for example in Norway, skating is likened to pedaling or dancing, depending on the tempo.
Primary turns used for racing, are parallel turns, which are used when down and can provide braking, and step turns, which are used to maintain speed during descents or out of lanes in flats. The wedge turn (or "snowplow turn"), is sometimes used to brake and spin.
Skier development and training
Countries with cross-country ski teams usually have strategies to develop athletes and programs that promise to encourage participation in sports, starting at a young age. One example is Canada's Cross-Country Ski "Long-Term Athletes" program. The program includes youth development, training, competition recognition and promising athlete enhancement with an emphasis on "stamina, strength, speed, skill and flexibility". It covers the age group from toddler to adult, who can enjoy and participate in sports. Similarly, the USSA has an outline of the "State Cross Country Athletes Competency" which has four phases starting at the age of 12 and down and addressing phases 21 and older above. The program includes six "domains:"
- Special technical skills for cross country skiing.
- Physiological and motor skills that take into account physical fitness, strength, strength, and endurance.
- Psychological and sociological skills, emphasizing healthy relationships and mental skills needed for competition.
- Training and performance of the competition, addressing training directed at the goal of achieving a favorable competition result.
- Selection of equipment, use, and maintenance of athlete's ski, boots, bindings, candles, clothes, and poles needed for success.
- Education that ultimately allows athletes to become their own trainers.
Ski training for athletes depends on whether the desired specialization emphasizes durability (marathon) or intensity (medium distance event). The "intensity" theory of ski training uses stress to break down muscle and recovery to build it stronger than ever. In this theory, there are five levels of intensity for training: Aerobic: Low intensity aerobic exercise (at 60-70% of the maximum intensity of an athlete) should consume most hours of training for endurance athletes.
Athletes train for each level on a seasonal schedule designed for a targeted event: marathon or medium range. Additional aspects of aerobic exercise exercise (low intensity) - especially for endurance - and strength to increase joint flexibility and to minimize the risk of injury. Cross-country skiing trainings take place throughout the year, including on dry land where athletes engage in ski rollers and oncoming skiers to maintain the special muscle ski fitness.
Race management
In its "Organizing Committee" handbook, the FIS covers aspects of racial management, including the layout of the competition venue, the organization of events (including scheduling, inauguration, and awards), and handles supporting factors, such as the role of the media. National handbooks, such as "USSA Cross-Country Technical Handbook" and "Cross Country Canada's official manual," provide further guidance, sometimes specific to their place.
An important aspect of the preparation of the race is preparing courses to provide surfaces for skating-skiing and setting tracks for classic events. This takes into account the physics of snow, the method for snowballing and the formation of surfaces, and the equipment used for these functions. Also the key is the layout of the makeup and setting the tracks in the stadium with various formats for start, finish and intermediate functions for relays and activities.
Design a racing place
In his "cross-country homologous manual", FIS recognizes that sports fans want to follow him on television. With this in mind, this guide discusses how to design race courses and stadiums in a way that not only enhances the viewer's experience, but also the viewers - not just to show the athletes in action, but to show the way in which fans enjoy the action. This manual covers the following considerations:
- Course design criteria
- Requirements for various racing formats
- Course layout
- Courses for disabled skiers
- Stadium layout
- Waxing Room with ski test area
- Heating path
A course is expected to test the technical and physical skills of skiers, who will be styled in a way that utilizes the natural terrain, and to provide seamless transitions between uphills, downhills and "bumpy" fields - distributed evenly among the three. The Manual suggests that courses present a variety of uphills, varying in length and gradients between 6% and 12%, arranged efficiently in the venue. It mentions two types of stadiums, horseshoe (preferably for television) and "ski in, ski out" layout. It emphasizes the importance of accommodating television coverage at the beginning, completion, and exchange of zones for equipment or relays. In addition, television coverage requires various facilities to support press activities.
Doping
Like other sports, some competitors in cross-country skiing have chosen to improve their performance through doping. An anti-doping test at the Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti, Finland, Finland revealed that Jari IsometsÃÆ'¤, Janne Immonen and two other skiers from the Finnish gold medal relief team, Mika MyllylÃÆ'¤ and Harri Kirvesniemi, and two female skiers tested positive for hydroxyethyl starch (HES), blood plasma expander is usually used to cover the use of erythropoietin (EPO). EPO improves the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin. In addition, the team head coach left the needle and drip bag at a public location near Helsinki airport. At the Sochi Winter Olympics, Austrian cross-country skier Johannes DÃÆ'¼rr was excluded from the competition after being tested positive for EPO blood boosters. In 2007, the International Olympic Committee banned biathletes, Wolfgang Perner and Wolfgang Rottmann, and cross-country skiers Martin Tauber, JÃÆ'¼rgen Pinter, Johannes Eder, Roland Diethart and Christian Hoffmann, from all future Olympic competitions.
Skiers, who have tested positive for EPO or other performance-enhancing drugs, include (sanction date):
References
External links
- Videos depicting classical techniques.
- Videos depicting skate-skiing techniques.
- Videos depicting V1 skate-ski.
- Video dpeicting V2 skate-ski.
- A video depicting an alternative skate-ski v2.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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