Race dogs are dogs that have relatively uniform physical characteristics developed under conditions controlled by humans, with breeding animals selected for phenotypic properties such as size, feather color, structure, and behavior. The FÃÆ' Â © dation Cynologique Internationale recognizes 337 pure race dogs.
Other uses of the term breed when referring to dogs may include pure breeds, breeds, mixed breeds and natural breeds.
Video Dog breed
The first race dog
The domestic dog is the first species, and the only large carnivore, which has been domesticated. Over the past 200 years, dogs have undergone rapid phenotypic changes and formed into modern descendants today due to artificial selection imposed by humans. These breeds can vary in size and weight from 0.46 kg (1.0 Â £) cup of poodle to a gigantic mastiff weighing 90 kg (200 pounds). The skull, body and leg proportions vary significantly between breeds, with dogs exhibiting more phenotypic diversity than can be found in all carnivorous sequences. Some breeds exhibit extraordinary skills in herding, picking, detecting aromas, and preserving, which shows the functional diversity and behavior of dogs. The first dogs must be wolves, but phenotypic changes that coincide with the dog-wolf genetic differences from each other are unknown.
By 2017, a study shows that 9,000 years ago domestic dogs were present in what is now Zhokhov Island, north-eastern Siberia of the Arctic, which was connected to the mainland at the time. The dogs were selectively raised either as sled dogs or as hunting dogs, which implies that dog sled standards and standard dog hunters existed at the time. The optimal maximum size for a dog sled is 20-25 kg (44-55 pounds) based on the thermo rule, and the old sled dog is between 16-25 kg (35-55 pounds). The same standard has been found in the remains of dog sled from this region 2,000 years ago and in the modern Siberian Husky breed standard. Another dog is larger at 30 kg (66 pounds) and looks like a dog that has been crossed with wolves and used to hunt polar bears. At the time of death, the heads of dogs have been carefully separated from their bodies by humans, perhaps for ceremonial reasons.
Between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago greyhound dogs were depicted in pottery and paintings in Egypt and West Asia. Mastiff dogs are kept for guarding and hunting, and short-legged dogs are also bred. Most modern dog breeds are the product of Victorian-era controlled breeding practices (1830-1900), and accurate genealogy of records with the founding of the English Kennel Club in 1873 by mimicking other stud studs for cattle and horses.
- For an early depictions of dogs in art, see early history in art.
Maps Dog breed
Genetic evidence of breed
Ancient dog breed
An ancient dog breed is a term once used for a group of dog breeds by the American Kennel Club, but not anymore. These breeds are referred to as "ancient breeds", compared with modern breeds because historically it is believed that they have origins that originate for more than 500 years. In 2004, a study looked at microsatellites from 414 race dogs representing 85 breeds. The study found that dog breeds were so genetically different that 99% of individual dogs could be properly assigned to their breeds based on their genotype, suggesting that breeding barriers (pure breeding) has led to different genetic units. The study identifies 9 breeds that can be represented on branches of phylogenetic trees grouped together with strong statistical support and can be separated from other breeds with modern European origin. These 9 breeds have been referred to as "ancient breeds", as compared to modern breeds. The study found that Pharaoh Hound and Ibizan Hound are not as old as believed but have been recreated from other racial combinations, and that the Norwegian Elkhound is grouped with other European dogs even though the Scandinavian direct reports are dating back 5,000 years.
Dog type
- See more: Dog type
The spread of modern dog breeds is difficult to solve because many are the product of controlled breeding practices of the Victorian era (1830-1900). In 2010, a study looked at 48,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms that provided a wide-genome coverage of 912 dogs representing 85 breeds.
The study finds different genetic groups in modern dogs that are mostly associated with phenotypes or functions. These include spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, scent-hounds, and sight-hounds. There are 17 breeds that conflict with phenotype or function and this is considered as the result of the crossing of several other phenotypes. As in a 2004 study that found 9 genetically distinct breeds, the study found 13 breeds that are genetically distinct from modern breeds: Basenji, Saluki, Afghan dog, Samoyed, Canaan dog, New Guinea singing dog, dingo. , Chow Chow, Chinese Shar Pei, Akita, Alaska night, Siberian husky dog ​​and American Eskimo. The results also show that Basenji has a recent mixture with Middle Eastern wolves.
The study found that there are three well-supported groups that are very different and different from modern domestic dogs. The three groups
- Asian group (Dingo, New Guinea singer, chow chow, Akita and Shar Pei) showing past mixing with Chinese wolves,
- Middle East groups (Afghan and Saluki dogs), and
- northern group (Alaskan Night Night and Siberian Husky).
Breed basal
In 2012, a study looked at 49,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms that gave the 1,375 genome coverage of dogs representing 35 breeds, 19 wolves, and previously published genetic marks from other breeds, giving a total of 121 enclosed breeds. The study found a deep genetic divide between the old world wolf and the new world, and confirmed the genetic differences of 13 breeds from the 2010 plus other 3 studies: Eurasier, Finnish Spitz and Shiba Inu. This study refers to these 16 as Basal races, as compared to ancient breeds, as they exhibit genetic differences but not all of them are historically regarded as "ancient breeds".
The 2012 study found that modern breeds appeared only in the nineteenth century and that their ancient claims were based on little or no historical or empirical evidence. This study shows that throughout history, the global dog population experienced many episodes of diversification and homogenization, with each round further reducing the strength of genetic data derived from modern breeds to help infer their early history.
Of the basal breeds, American Eskimo Dog and Eurasier are the newest products of cross breeding of other basal breeds. Most of the basal descendants have been hybridized with other bloodlines in the past. If another lineage is another basal descend then the basal genetic mark remains. The combination of previous introgression and population bottlenecks suggests that basal breeds have little or no genetic connection to their ancestral populations and that their genetic peculiarities do not indicate an ancient heritage. They differ from modern breeds because the genetic heritage of modern breeds has become blurred by mixing, and most basal breeds are avoided mixing with them due to geographical or cultural barriers.
Medical research
Because dogs are subspecies but their offspring are different genetic units, and because only certain offspring have the same type of cancer as humans, different genes of different breeds may be useful in human medical research.
Breed temperament
In 2014, a study showed that some hereditary temperaments, such as anxiety or fear, may be related to gene mutations. Other temperaments may be due to the ancient 'ancestral' legacy.
Breeds
Pure breed
Kennel Club
Group owners who have dogs of the same kind and have an interest in breeding dogs can form a national Kennel club. Kennel Clubs maintain breed standards, record genealogy in the breed registry (or studbook), and issue rules for conformational dog shows and trial and accreditation judges. They often function as registries, which is a list of adult dog breeds and a list of puppies who are born to pure race parents.
Dog breeds are represented by a sufficient number of individuals to transfer stably their specific characteristics from generation to generation. Dogs of the same type have similar appearance and behavior characteristics, especially since they come from certain ancestral groups that share the same characteristics. Dogs of a certain breed breed true, producing young who are very similar to their parents. Individual dogs are identified as breed members through proof of ancestor, using genetic analysis or written records of ancestors. Without such evidence, the identification of certain breeds is unreliable. Such records, called male books, may be maintained by individuals, clubs, or other organizations.
The Kennel Club gives recognition about different breeds of dogs, but there are many independent clubs with different standards, and sometimes inconsistent and they do not need to apply scientific standards. Four varieties of Belgian Shepherd Dog are recognized as four different races by Kennel Club of New Zealand. Furthermore, some groups of dogs that clearly share a set of fixed and documented characteristics of declining offspring from known stock foundations may still have not been recognized by some clubs as breeds. For example, feist is a hunting dog that grew up in the southern United States to hunt for small games. Feists have a series of consistent characteristics that can distinguish them from other breeds and breeds of dogs. However, the United Kennel Club recognizes one type of feist, the Treeing Feist, while the American Kennel Club does not recognize any breed feist.
A dog is said to be a pure race if their parents are pure race and if the dog meets the breed's standards. The keeper of pure-smelling dogs today "has inherited a breeding paradigm that is, at least, somewhat out of date in the light of modern genetic knowledge, and which first emerged from Darwin's rather striking error of interpretation and enthusiasm for social theories that have long been discredited because scientifically unsupported and morally questionable. "Morally questioned policies regarding breed purity include mandatory surgical procedures for spay or neuter animals in various contexts. The American Kennel Club, for example, allows mixed dogs to be displayed but requires these animals to be changed. It does not make a requirement for a dog race. The California Assembly Act AB 1634 is a law introduced in 2007 that requires all dogs not working with mixed types over 6 months of age to be neutered or spayed. The bill was morally controversial, leading the American Kennel Club to fight the bill.
The Canadian Department of Agriculture has strict standards for documenting so-called "growing breeds".
Standard breed
Standards breed for each different breed of dog, providing a detailed "description of the word" about the idealized dog's appearance and behavior idealized of the breed. Included in the breed standard description are aspects of appearance and behavior observed externally that are considered by the breed club to be of the utmost importance for breeding, and externally observed details of appearance or temperament considered by the breed club to be unacceptable (so called < i> errors ). In addition, most breed standards belong to the history section, describing the original place of origin and work performed by the breed or the type of ancestor.
Major registries
Dogs with breeding standards are acceptable in one or more of the major enrollment (kennel clubs) of dog breeds including FÃÆ' Â © dation Cynologique Internationale (covering 84 countries), The Kennel Club (UK), Canada Kennel Club, American Kennel Club, United Kennel Clubs International, the Australian National Kennel Council, Kennel Club of New Zealand, and other national registrations. The registry puts the breed into the appropriate category, called the group. Some Groups may be subdivided by multiple registrars.
Health issues
Pure race dogs have more health problems than dog dogs, and require more visits to vets, and tend to have lower longevity. Indeed, research has reported a shorter life span of one and almost two years. In particular, dog breeds with flat faces and short noses have difficulty breathing, eye problems and other health problems.
List of pure breeds
The FÃÆ' Â © dation Cynologique Internationale recognizes over 400 dog breeds.
- View: List of dog breeds
Cross-breeds
A crossbreed is the result of a marriage of two different races.
Mixed-breeds
The proliferation of mixtures is the result of marriage of different races. A mixed dog, a dog or a dog is a dog that is not a result of artificial selection.
Natural Breed
Natural breeds increase over time in response to certain environments and are isolated from populations of other species. This environment includes humans but with little or no selective breeding by humans.
- See more: Landraces
Dog groups mistaken for breed
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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