Dog breeding

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Breeding dogs is the practice of breeding selected dogs with a view to maintaining or producing special qualities and characteristics. When dogs reproduce without such human intervention, the characteristics of their offspring are determined by natural selection, while "dog breeding" refers specifically to dog-made selection, in which dogs are deliberately raised by their owners. Breeding relies on genetic science, so breeders with knowledge of dog genetics, health, and use are meant for dogs trying to breed suitable dogs.

Video Dog breeding

Terminology

The female parent, the female dog, the puppy is referred to as the dam and the male parent, the male, is referred to as sire . Litter is puppies born from the same pregnancy. A whelp is a newborn puppy and gives birth to a dog called whelping . Dogs usually give birth in a whelping box, a simple box or pen provided for a dam to help shelter and contain puppies.

A person who deliberately marries a dog to produce a puppy is called a dog breeder. Breeding lines is a planned breeding dog with their relatives. This is done to reinforce the appearance of desirable special traits on offspring. Breeding lines are distinguished from inbreeding by not pairing pairing between parent and offspring, and between full siblings. Outcrossing is a planned breeding between two unrelated dogs, used to increase genetic diversity in breeds and reduce genetic problems or abnormalities inherited from line marriage or inbreeding.

Maps Dog breeding

Estrus Cycle

See also: Reproduction dog # Reproductive cycle

Dogs reach puberty between 6-24 months. The female dog will begin to experience an estrus cycle (also spelled "estrus"). A dog in estrus, also known as "hot", can get pregnant during this 3-21 period. There are 4 stages of estrous cycle in dogs:

• Anestrus: 60 to 200 days. During this time the lining of the uterus improves itself from the period of estrus and diestus.
• Proestrus: 3-17 days. The follicle secretes estrogen and there may be fluid coming out of the dog's vulva.
• Estrus: 3-21 days. Estrogen levels increase, which causes LH levels to peak 1-2 days after estrus begins. Ovulation occurs 1-2 days after LH peak. The removal of the vulva may turn reddish or dark brown.
• Diestrus: 60-100 days. High progesterone levels after estrus. Pregnant and non-pregnant dogs through diestrus and non-pregnant dogs may show signs of apparent pregnancy.

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Breeding and pregnancy

Lihat juga: Reproduksi anjing # Gestasi dan litter

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Histori

Humans have been maintaining a useful population of animals around their habitat since prehistoric times. For thousands of years, pet dogs have evolved into different types, or groups, such as cattle watch dogs, hunting dogs, and eyesight. To maintain this distinction, humans deliberately have married dogs with certain characteristics to encourage such characteristics in offspring. Through this process, hundreds of dog breeds have been developed. Artificial election in dog breeding has affected the behavior, shape, and size of dogs.

It is believed that when human civilization moves toward an agrarian society, dogs are selectively brought up for smaller size and more benign behavior. These characteristics make it more comfortable for humans and dogs to live together. Dogs can also be an example of neoteny selection, because dogs tend to retain the characteristics of adolescents, such as hairy feathers and drooping ears, to adulthood. It has been seen that these traits can even encourage adult female wolves to act more defensively in puppies rather than wolf puppies. An example of a neoteny dog ​​goes further, in which different breeds of dogs differ nicotically according to the type of behavior chosen. Other researchers believe that since this comparison is based on a gray wolf, which is not a dog's ancestor, that this comparison is invalid. Further research shows that the concept of neoteny as a means of discriminating dogs from wolves is unfounded.

With the proliferation of clubs breeding and kennel clubs during the mid-19th century, dog breeding became tighter and many breeds developed during this time. Dog breeding becomes more systemic to maintain unique mutations such as shortened legs, short faces, new fur colors and textures. The increasing popularity of dog shows that assess the appearance of dogs more than their working ability leads to different purposes when breeding. Dogs raised for performances rather than performance tend to develop more extreme and extreme features to meet breeding standards. One example of this change in breeding purposes is the retelling tilt on the modern German Shepherd's descendants, compared to the immediate backs of the working genealogy. Shar Pei is an example of how different breed standards can influence the direction a breeder takes on a dog and which trait is exaggerated. The Western Shar Pei has been raised to have a softer mouth and tangled skin than the traditional Chinese Shar Pei that comes from.

Initially, the ownership of work dogs and races, is the privilege of the rich. Today, many people can afford to buy dogs. There are various reasons for people to breed dogs. Some people may have personal reasons, such as wanting to own or give puppies, and are not interested in genealogy. Breeders can also breed dogs for profit, for performances, for interest in certain breeds, or to fix some problems and improve the health of breeds. Responsible breeders consider the temperament, as well as the health and appearance of the mating pair before breeding.

Race dog breeders can register the birth of a puppy into a dog registry associated with the kennel club to record the origin of the garbage in the stud books. Such registrars keep records of dog lineages and are usually affiliated with kennel clubs, such as AKC (American Kennel Club). Maintaining the correct data is important for breed dog breeding. Access to records allows breeders to analyze genealogies and anticipate inherited traits and behaviors. The requirements for the breeding of registered races vary between breeds, countries, kennel clubs and registries. Farmers must adhere to certain organizational rules to participate in breed maintenance and development programs. This rule may apply to dog health, such as joint x-ray, hip certification, and eye examination; quality of work, such as passing a special test or reaching in court; for general conformation, such as the evaluation of dogs by the breed expert. However, many applicants, especially those in North America, are not policing agents that exclude dogs with poor quality or health. Their primary function is simply enrolling puppies born from self-enrolled parents.

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Criticism

Some dogs have certain congenital characteristics that can develop into disability or disease. Canine hip dysplasia is one such condition. Some eye disorders, some heart conditions, and some cases of deafness have been shown to be inherited. There is much research on this condition, generally sponsored by breed clubs and dog registries, while special breed clubs provide information of common genetic defects for their offspring. In addition, specialized organizations, such as the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, collect data and give it to farmers, as well as to the general public. Conditions such as hip dysplasia can affect multiple breeds more than others.

Some records, such as the American Kennel Club, may include notes of the absence of certain genetic defects, known as certifications, in individual dog records. For example, the national dog breed of German Shepherd Dog in Germany is a registry that recognizes that hip dysplasia is a genetic defect for dogs of this breed. Therefore, it takes all dogs to pass the evaluation because of the absence of hip dysplasia to register their offspring, and record the results in individual pedigree dogs.

There is a BBC documentary entitled "Pedigree Dogs Exposed" and "Pedigree Dogs Exposed - Three Years On" which claims health problems in dogs from inbreeding. Problems like breathing on the Pug race and Peking breed, spine problems in Dachshund breeds, and Syringomyelia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniel breed.

Some scientific researchers have argued that advances in artificial reproductive technology for dog breeding can be helpful but also have "adverse effects" when used excessively than the principle of natural selection. These scientists are calling for a deeper understanding of natural selection, leading to a more naturalistic approach in dog breeding. It has been concluded that "the findings imply that when the selective breeding is done by humans, it crammed the muzzle of certain breeds of dogs, it is also their brain morphine" (Scientific American, 2010).

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Inbreeding depression

Inbreeding depression is the reduced survival and fertility of the offspring of the related individual. A study of 42,855 dachshund liters found that when inbreeding coefficients increase, the litter size decreases and the percentage of dead born puppies increases, thus indicating inbreeding depression.

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References

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External links

• The inbreeding rate in genealogies is revealed in Imperial College London new study
• Defects on claws - Welfare issues in breeding gene breeds New Scientists
• Design animals or breed for prosperity? (Video) - Veterans Animal Welfare Foundation of the British Association
• Principles and steps of breeding programs - Breeding Business

Source of the article : Wikipedia