Latin conjugation

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Conjugation has two meanings. One meaning is the creation of a derivative form of the verb from the basic form, or the main part. May be influenced by person, number, gender, tension, mood, aspect, sound, or other language-specific factors.

The meaning of the two word conjugations is a group of verbs that all have the same inflection pattern. Thus all Latin verbs that have 1 singular -? , the second single -? S , and infinitive -? Back is said to belong to the first conjugate, those with singular singular -e? , singular -? S and infinitive -? Re belongs to the 2nd conjugate, and so on. The number of ordinary verb conjugations is usually said to be four.

The word "conjugation" comes from the Latin coniug? Ti? , a calque from the Greek ??????? suzugÃÆ'a , literally "uniting (horse into team)".

For a simple verb paradigm, see the appendix page for the first conjugate, second conjugate, third conjugate, and the fourth conjugation.

Video Latin conjugation

Number of conjugations

The ancient Romans themselves, beginning with Varro (1st century BC), initially divided their verbs into three conjugations ( coniugationes verbis accidunt tres: prima, secunda, tertia "there are three different conjugations for the word work: first, second, and third "(Donatus), 4th century AD), according to whether the end of a single 2nd person has a , an e or i in it. However, others, such as Sacerdos (3rd century), Dositheus (4th century AD) and Priscian (around 500 BC), recognize four distinct groups.

Modern grammars generally recognize four conjugations, according to whether their active infinitives have the end of -? Back , -? Back , -here , or -? (or this passive equivalent), for example: (1) morning, I'm back "to love", (2) vide ?, vid? re "to see", (3) reg ?, regere "to govern" and (4) audi ?, aud? re "hear". There are also several mixed conjugate verbs, having some endings like 3 and others like the 4th conjugate, for example, capi ?, capere "to capture" and orior, or? R? "appears".

In addition to regular verbs, which belong to one of four conjugations, there are also some irregular verbs, which have a different ending pattern. The most important of these is the verb sum, esse "to be". There is also a Latin deponent and semi deponent verb (a verb with passive but active meaning), and a broken verb (a verb in which some form of missing word).

Maps Latin conjugation

Main section

Grouping in conjugations is based on verb behavior in the current system; rods for other shapes can not be deduced from the current rod, so some verb forms are needed to be able to produce various forms for a given verb.

In the dictionary, the Latin verb is therefore listed with four "main sections" (or fewer for deponent and flawed verbs) that allow the reader to infer the other conjugate forms of the verb. This is:

1. the first single person of the current active indication
2. currently active infinitive
3. the first person singular from the perfect active indicator
4. the supine or, in some grammars, the perfect passive participle, which uses the same rod. (The text that lists the perfect passive participle uses the active participle in the future for intransitive verbs.) Some verbs do not have this substantial part at all.

First conjugation

The first conjugation is marked by the vowel ? and can be recognized by -? Re end of current active infinitive form. The main parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:

• perfect has the suffix -? v? . The majority of the first conjugate verbs abide by this pattern, which is considered "ordinary", for example:
  • ports? , ports? re , ports? v? , ports? tum , "to bring, carry";
  • me? , me? back , me? v? , me? tum , "for love, to be liked";
• perfect has a suffix -u? , for example:
  • sec? , seconds , secu? , sectum , "to cut, to divide";
  • fric? , fric? re , fricu? , frictum , "to rub";
  • veterinarian , veterinarian , vetu? , vetitum , "to ban, to ban";
• perfect has the suffix -? and the vowels extend in the stem, for example:
  • lav? , lav? re , l? v? , lautum , "for washing, for bathing";
  • iuv? , iuv? re , i? v? , i? tum , "to help, to help";
• perfectly duplicated, for example:
  • st? , st? re , stet? , statum , "to stand up";
  • d? , dare , ded? , datum , "giving"; the verb is irregular, because except in the 2nd singular ( d> d> s ) a is short ( d ? re, d? tum, d? b? etc.)

The deponent verbs in this conjugation all follow the pattern below, which is the passive of the first type above:

• arbitror, ​​â € (to think)
• c? or , c? n? r? , c? n? tus sum (to try)
• c? nctor, c? nct? ri, c? nct? tus sum (doubt)

Second conjugation

The second conjugation is marked by the vowel ? , and can be recognized by -e? end of indicative first person present and -? Back the end of the current infinitive form is active. The main parts usually adhere to one of the following patterns:

• perfect has the suffix -u? . Verbs that follow this pattern are considered "ordinary". Example:
  • terre ?, terr? re, terru ?, territum (scaring, blocking)
  • doce?, doc? re, docu ?, doctum (teaching, teaching)
  • tene ?, ten? back, tent, tentum (to hold, save)
• perfect has the suffix -? v? . Example:
  • d? le?, d? l? re, d? l? v?, d? l? tum (to destroy, delete)
  • cie?, ci? re, c? v?, citum (to awaken, stir)
• perfect has a -s suffix? (which merges with previous c or g to -x? >). Example:
  • auge ?, aug? re, aux ?, auctum (to add, enlarge)
  • iube ?, iub? re, iuss ?, iussum (to order, bid)
• perfectly duplicated with -? . Example:
  • morde ?, mord? re, momord ?, morsum (bite, pinch)
  • sponde ?, spond? re, spopond ?, sp? nsum (swear, promise)
• perfect has the suffix -? and the vowel extends in the trunk. Example:
  • vide ?, vid? re, v? d?, v? sum (to see, pay attention)
  • fove ?, fov? re, f? v?, f? tum (to caress, to appreciate)
• perfect has a suffix -? and there is no perfect passive participle. Example:
  • str? de ?, str? d? re, str? d? (hiss, creak)
  • preserve, exhausting, back? (sometimes fervu? or ferbu? ) (boiling, boiling)

The deponent verb in this conjugation is small. They mostly go like passive terre? , but destiny and confiteor have a perfect participle with ss :

• mereor, mer? r?, meritus sum (appropriate)
• polliceor, pollic? r?, pollicitus sum (promised)
• bookmark, fat? r ?, fassus sum (admitted) â € <â € <

The third conjugation

The third conjugation is marked by a short thematic vowel, which alternates between e , i , and u in different environments. This conjugation verb ends in -ere in the current active infinitive. There is no regular rule for building a perfect third conjugation verb, but the following pattern is used:

• perfect has a -s suffix? ( -x? when c or h coming at the end of the root). Example:
  • gurame ?, carpere, carps ?, carptum (for picking, to choose)
  • trah ?, trahere, tr? x ?, tr? ctum (dragging, drawing)
  • ger?, gerere, gess ?, gestum (to wear, bear)
  • flect ?, flectere, flex ?, flexum (bend, twist)
• perfectly duplicated with suffix -? . Example:
  • curr?, currere, cucurr ?, cursum (run, race)
  • caed ?, caedere, cec? d?, caesum (kill, kill)
  • tang ?, tangere, tetig ?, t? ctum (to touch, to hit)
  • pell?, pellere, pepul ?, pulsum (to hit, evict)
• perfect has the suffix -v? . Example:
  • pets ?, petere, pets? v?, pets? tum (to search, attack)
  • lin?, linere, l? v?, l? tum (greasing, befoul)
  • ser?, serere, s? v?, satum (sowing, planting)
  • ter?, terere, tr? v ?, tr? tum (for rubbing, wear out)
  • the stern ?, firm, str? v ?, str? tus (spread, stretch)
• perfect has the suffix -? and the vowel extends in the trunk. Example:
  • ag ?, agere ,? g?,? ctum (to do, drive)
  • leg ?, legere, l? g?, l? ctum (to collect, read)
  • em ?, emere ,? m?,? mptum (to buy, buy)
  • vinc ?, vincere, v? c?, victum (to conquer, master)
  • fund ?, fundere, f? d?, f? sum (to pour, say)
• perfect has the suffix -? only. Example:
  • ? c?,? cere ,? c?,? ctum (to attack, to hit)
  • vert?, vertere, vert?, versum (to turn, change)
  • v? s ?, v? sere, v? s ?, v? sum (to visit)
• perfect has the suffix -u? . Example:
  • meet ?, metere, messu ?, messum (reap, harvest)
  • vom ?, vomere, vomu ?, vomitum (vomiting)
  • col?, colere, colu?, cultum (cultivate, process)
  • tex ?, texere, texu ?, textum (weave, clamp)
  • gign ?, gignere, genu ?, genitum (for childbirth, cause)
• The indicative first indicator of the first person has a suffix with -sc? . Example:
  • n? sc?, n? scere, n? v?, n? tum (to know, learn)
  • adol? sc?, adol? scere, adol? v? (growing up, maturing)
  • fl? r? sc?, fl? r? scere, fl? ru? (start growing, blooming)
  • haer? sc?, haer? scere, haes ?, haesum (paste, paste)
  • p? sc?, p? scere, p? v?, p? stum (to feed, feed (animals))

The Deponent verb in the third conjugation includes the following:

• l? drill, l? b ?, l? psus sum (glide)
• loquor, loqu?, loc? tus sum (to speak)
• obl? v? scor, obl? v? sc?, obl? tus sum (forgot)
• sequin, seku ?, sec? tus sum (follow)
• ? tor ,? t?,? sus sum (for use)

The third-i conjugation? verb

The intermediate between the third and fourth conjugations is the third conjugate verb with the suffix -i? . It resembles the fourth conjugation in some form. Some examples are:

• capi?, capere, c? p?, captum (to capture, capture)
• faci ?, facere, f? c?, factum (do, create)
• neat, rapere, rapu ?, raptum (loot, seize)
• cupi?, cupere, cup? v?, cup? tum (desire, length for)

Deposits in this group include:

• dying dies ?, dies (dies)
• fat is laid ?, Suffering (to suffer, to allow)
• Attack attacks ?, Get started (for attack)

They resemble the fourth conjugation in the following sections of the verb:

Current indication (first person single, third person plural): capi ?, capiunt .

Incomplete indication: capi? bam, capi? b? mus .

The indicative future: capiam, capi? mus .

The subjunctive prize: capiam, capi? mus

The imperative future (third person plural): capiunt?

Present Participle On: capi? ns, -entis

Gerund: capiend ?, capiendum (also capiund? )

Gerundive: capiendus, -a, -um (also capiundus )

The fourth conjunction

The fourth conjugation is marked by the vowel ? and can be recognized by -? Re the end of the current active infinitive. The main part of the verb in the fourth conjugation generally follows the following pattern:

• perfect has the suffix -v? . Verbs that follow this pattern are considered "ordinary". Example:
  • audi ?, aud? re, aud? v ?, aud? tum (to hear, listen (to))
  • m? ni ?, m? n? re, m? n? v?, m? n? tum (to fortify, to build)
• perfect has the suffix -u? . Example:
  • aperi ?, aper? re, aperu ?, apertum (to open, uncover)
• perfect has a suffix -s? ( -x? when c appears at the root end). Example:
  • saepi ?, saep? re, saeps ?, saeptum (around, attach)
  • sanci ?, sanc? re, s? nx ?, s? nctum (to confirm, ratify)
  • senti ?, sent? back, s? ns ?, s? nsum (feel, perceive)
• perfect has the suffix -? and the vowel extends in the trunk. Example:
  • veni ?, ven? re, v? n?, ventum (coming, coming)

The Deponent verb in the 4th conjugate includes the following:

• assentior, approval? r?, ass? nsus sum (for approval)
• largior, larg? r?, larg? tus sum (to give)
• mentior, ment? r ?, ment? tus sum (lie)
• m? tior, m? t? r ?, m? nsus sum (to measure)
• sortior, sort? r ?, sort? tus sum (to draw)

The verb orior, or? R ?, Ortus sum (appears) is also regarded as the 4th conjugate, although some parts, such as the third single tense current oritur and imperfect subjunctive orerer , has a short vowel like the 3rd conjugate. But the adorior (rising, attacking) compound is entirely the 4th conjugate.

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Personal suffix

Personal tip is used in all form words. The present, perfect, future, perfect and perfect future uses the same personal endpoint in an active voice. However, perfect, perfect and perfect future does not have a personal end in a passive voice. It is formed by the participle and form of esse (being). For example, the perfect form of perfect first person from the verb am? Re (for love) is amatus sum , using participle and sum instead of the perfect stick amav - -ir . The perfect one uses his own personal tip in an active voice, shown in the chart below.

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Present-tense system

Tenses of present-tense systems are present, imperfect, and future forms. For example, the following verbs will be used here:

• the first conjugate verb port ?, port? re, port? v?, port? tum (to carry, carry)
• second conjugate verb terre ?, terr? re, terru ?, territum (scaring, blocking)
• third conjugate verb pet ?, petere, pet? v?, pet? tum (to search, attack)
• the fourth conjugate verb audi ?, aud? re, aud? v ?, aud? tum (to hear, to listen (to))

In all conjugations except for the third conjugation, -re is deleted from the second main part (eg, port? Re without the -re suffix being the port ? - ) to form the current bar, which is used for all forms of words in the imperfect aspects. In the third conjugation, -? the end of this indicative is dropped to form the current rod (for example, the current indicative form of petere is pet? , and without - it is an existing trunk, pet - ). Sometimes, the ending vocals of the stem are lengthened and/or shortened, and sometimes completely change. This is often true both in the third conjugation and in the subjunctive mood of all conjugations.

Present tense

Present tense (Latin tempus praes? Ns ) is used to denote unfinished action occurring in the present. Currently tense does not have a tense mark. Instead, the personal ends are added to the existing trunk. However, in this tense, thematic vocals, especially ? in the third conjugation, most often changed.

Current indication

Indicative today reveals general truths, facts, demands and desires. Most commonly, verbs like ports? can be translated as "I bring," "I bring," or "I bring". In all but the third conjugation, only the thematic vowels of the rod are used. In the third conjugation, e is only used in a single second person in passive because of the less difficult pronunciation. If not, it becomes either i or u . The first individual single of the indicative indicative gift is the first major part. All ends in -? .

Add a passive tip to form passive sound. Passive Porter can be translated as "I'm taken," or "I'm being taken".

Note that in the singular second person of petere , the thematic vowel is e ( peteris , not petiris ).

Present subjunctive

Subtasks can now be used to confirm many things. In general, in an independent sentence, the word is translated in horticular (in the first person plural), gradually and optically. Portem can be translated as "I can bring", "I will bring", "I must bring", or in subordinate clause only as "I carry". Ports? mus can be "Let's take it".

The vocal verb suffix in subjunctive that is now different from indicative:

• The first conjugation using e or ? than ? .
• The second conjugate uses ea and e? .
• The third conjugate uses a or ? .
• The fourth conjugate uses it or i? .

As indicative, active personal ends can be replaced with passive personal ends. Porter can be translated as "Let me be taken" or "May I be taken." Hortialily, Ports? Mur can "Let us be taken".

Attend imperative

This presence conveys instructions, requests, and recommendations. Ports? can be translated as "(you) Bring" or simply, "Bring". The imperative prize only occurs in the second person.

• A single second person in active voice uses only bare stems, and does not add important endings.

The imperative presence of a passive voice is rarely used, except in the case of a deponent verb, whose passive form carries an active meaning. Ports? min? can be translated as "(you) Brought". Deponent sequimin? , on the other hand, means "(you) Follow!".

• A single form uses an alternative form of the current passive indicative (which looks like the current active infinitive) and plural uses the current passive passive form of the second plural.

Not Perfect

The imperfect (Latin tempus praeteritum imperfectum ) denotes timeless, but incomplete action in the past. This is acknowledged by tense signs b? and b? in indicative, and re and r? in the subjunctive.

Incomplete indication

An imperfect indication only states an action in the past that is not completed. Port? bam can be translated means, "I brought," "I brought," or "I used to carry".

• In indicative, imperfections using the tense signs ba and b? before personal ending is added.

As with present tense, active personal ends are released, and passive personal ends are placed in their place. Ports? bar can be translated as "I am being taken," "I am carried away," or "I was taken."

Subtitle is not perfect

In subjunctive, imperfect is very important, especially in subordinate clauses. Independently, most of them are translated conditionally. Ports? brakes can mean, "I must bring," or "I will bring".

• Unlike indicative, subjunctive does not modify the thematic vowels. The third conjugate conjugate remains short as e , and the fourth conjugate does not use i? before the signs are not perfect. It makes ? .
• In subjunctive, imperfect uses tension marks re and r? before the private end.
• The verb esse has two non-perfect subtitles: one uses this infinitive (essa, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent ) and one uses future infinitive ( forem, fores, foret, foremus, foretis, forent ).

As with indicative subjunctive, active ends are removed, and passive suffixes are added. Portre rer can be translated as "I must be taken," or "I will be taken."

Future tense

The tense future (Latin tempus fut? Rum simplex ) denotes unfinished actions in the future. This is recognized by the tense signs b? , bi , bu , a and ? in indicative and vowel ? in an imperative mood.

In future future

The tense future always refers to incomplete actions. In addition, tense future is tighter in temporary use in Latin than in English. Stand alone, ports? B? can mean, "I will bring," or "I will bring."

• The first and second conjugates add -b - and then add third the conjugation of this suffix.
• The third and fourth conjugations replace their thematic vowels with a , ? and ? . Fourth conjugation insert ? before a , e and ? .

As with all imperfect system shapes, the active private tip is removed, and the passive personal end is imposed. Ports? drill translated as, "I will be taken."

Predictions of the future

The imperative of the future is the formal form of imperative; in the classical period, it is primarily used in legal documents, although it retains multiple currencies in different references to the future. Some irregular or broken verbs ( meminisse 'remember') use this form as their only command.

Port? t? can be translated as "You have to carry".

• As previously mentioned, the vowel? used as a sign of imminent need in the future.

End -or marks the passive voice in the imperative future. Ports? tor is translated as "You will be taken." The second plural is very rare and occurs only in Plautus with the verbs of the selected deponent: arbitr? Min? , opper? Min? , and it is not proved by the second conjugation verb at all.

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Perfect system shape

Tenses of perfect systems, which are perfect perfect , pluperfect and perfect future , are used to express actions that have been, have been, or have done. The verbs used for explanation are:

First conjugation: port ?, port? re, port? v?, port? tum - to bring, carry

2nd conjugation: terre ?, terr? re, terru?, territum - to frighten, obstruct

3rd conjugation: pet ?, petere, pet? v?, pet? tum - to search, attack

Conjugate 4th: audi ?, aud? re, aud? v ?, aud? tum - to listen, listen (to)

To find a trunk for the three perfect tenses that are active in all conjugations, -? removed from the 3rd main section. For example, from ports? V? , ports? V - has been formed.

Deponents and passive verbs, however, use the perfect passive participle along with the part of the verb esse "to" to create the perfect word shape. Participants are formed by taking the 4th principal part and changing the end to the appropriate gender and number, e.g. aud? tus est "he was heard", aud? t? suntanya "they sounded".

Unlike the current system tenses, inflections do not deviate from conjugation to conjugation.

Perfect

The perfect (Latin tempus praeteritum perfectum ) refers to an action completed in the past. The tense signs are only used in this form with the indicative. The tense signs of the subjunctive are eri and er? .

Perfect indication

Indicative indicative indicates the action completed in the past. Port? v? translated as "I brought," "I brought," or "I brought."

• The perfect perfect indicator in active sound has a special personal tip that is not used with any other form.

In passive voice, the perfect passive participle is used with the additional verb esse . It uses the present indicative form of esse . Port? tus sum translated as "I was taken," or "I was taken."

Notice the participle changes from singular to plural when the subject changes respectively. Treats the participle as an adjective with only singular and nominative forms. Participants should also be rejected for gender. This can be done by deleting -us in the participle and adding -us, -a, -um with the plural: -i -a -a. -us, -i is Masculine, -a, -ae is Feminine, and -um, -a is neutral.

Perfect Subtask

As imperfect subjunctive, perfect subjunctive is mostly used in subordinate clauses. Independently, this is usually translated as a potential subjunctive. By itself, the port? Verim is translated as "I may have brought."

• String marks eri and er? is used before the private tip is added.

Passive voice uses a perfect passive participle with the present subjunctive form of esse . Ports? tus sim means, "I may have been taken."

Pluperfect

The pluperfect (Latin tempus praeteritum pl? Squamperfectum ) states an action that is completed before another action is completed. This is recognized by the tense signs of era and er? in indicative and isse and iss? in subjunctive.

Pluperfect indicative

Like English, in Latin, pluperfect indications are used to assert actions completed before the other (perfect). Ports? veram is translated as "I have brought."

• String marks er? is used before adding a private end, with length? follow the usual rules to shorten before the end of -m, -t, and -nt.

In passive form, the perfect passive participle is used with esse in imperfect indicative. Port? tus eram translated as "I was brought."

Pluperfect subtitle

The pluperfect teaching is to be subjunctive perfect as an imperfect subjunctive is the current subjunctive. Simply put, it is used with perfect subjunctive in subordinate clauses. Like an imperfect subtitle, it is independently translated conditionally. Ports? vissem is translated as "I should bring," or "I will bring it."

• Tense tags isse and iss? is used before the personal ends.

As always, passive voice uses a perfect passive participle. An imperfect subtitle of esse is used here. Ports? tus essem can mean "I should be taken," or "I can get carried away," in a conditional sense.

The perfect future

Perhaps the least used of all forms of words, the perfect future (Latin tempus fut? Rum ex? Ctum ) conveys an action to be completed before any other action. It is marked with tension marks er? and eri . A perfect future is the only tension that occurs in a mood.

Perfect future indication

As said, the perfect future is used to mention an action that will be completed in the future before another action. This is often used with a strained future. In a simple translation, the port? Ver? means, "I will carry," or "I will bring."

• Tense signs er? and theri or er? used before the private edges.

Suffixes with short-l (eg port? Veris, port? Verimus, port? Veritis ) are found in the singular and 1st and 2nd and 2nd plural of multiple authors in some authors, eg. Terence, Eunuchus 592, but Cicero and Catullus prefer a form with a length of â € "se, ie. Catullus 5.10 (with Fordyce notes).

Like all aspects of the perfect aspect, the perfect passive participle is used in passive form. However, the perfect future uses future indication of esse as an additional verb. Ports? tus er? is "I'll be taken," or "I'll get carried away."

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Non-limited form

Non-limited verb forms are participants, infinitive, supines, gerunds and gerundives. The verbs used are:

First conjugation: port ?, port? re, port? v?, port? tum - to bring, carry

2nd conjugation: terre ?, terr? re, terru?, territum - to frighten, obstruct

3rd conjugation: pet ?, petere, pet? v?, pet? tum - to search, attack

Conjugate 4th: audi ?, aud? re, aud? v ?, aud? tum - to listen, listen (to)

Participants

There are four participants: active present, passive perfect, passive future, and active future.

• present active participle is rejected as an adjective of the third declaration with one suffix.
  • In the first and second conjugations, the current active form is formed by taking the current rod and adding -ns . Single-genitive form adds -tis , and theme ? and ? is shortened.
  • In the third conjugation, e of this bar is extended. In genitive, ? brief return.
  • In the fourth conjugation, ? abbreviated, and ? placed. Of course, this is ? is short for genitive.
  • Puer port? ns is translated to "carrying boy."
• perfectly passive participle is rejected as the first and second declaration adjectives.
  • In all conjugations, a perfect participle is formed by removing -um from supine, and adding -us (single nominative masculine).
  • Puer port? tus is translated to "carry boy."
• active participle in the future is rejected as the first and second rejection adjectives.
  • In all conjugations, -um is removed from supine, and -? rus (single nominative masculine) is added.
  • Puer port? t? rus translated into "boy will bring," or "son will bring."
• the passive participle of the future is formed by taking the bar now, adding "-nd-", and then the adjective ends "-us, -a, -um". So "laudare" forms "laudandus".
  • Literal translation is "to be praised," but it often extends the sense of duty, so "to be praised". So "future passive participle" is often crossed out as "gerundive" (see below).

Infinitives

There are six infinitives. They are in the present active, now passive, perfectly active, passive perfect, the future active and the future passive.

• Active infinitive is present is the second major part (in regular verbs). This plays an important role in the construction of syntax Accusativus cum infinitivo , for example.
  • Ports? re means, "to be taken."
• a passive infinitive is present formed by adding -r? to this bar. This is only for first, second, and fourth conjugations. In the third conjugation, the thematic vowel, e , is taken from the current bar, and -? added.
  • Ports? r? translated to "to be taken."
• perfectly active infinitive is formed by adding -eisse to the perfect bar.
  • Ports? visse is translated to "to carry."
• perfect passive infinitive using a perfect passive participle along with an additional verb esse . Perfect passive infinitives must match what is depicted in numbers and gender.
  • Ports? tus esse means, "has been done."
• future active infinitives use the future active participle with additional verbs esse.
  • Ports? t? rus esse means, "will be taken." Future active infinitives should be in accordance with what is described in numbers and gender.
  • Esse has two future infinitives: futurus esse and fore ( fore mostly used in replacement expressions for the Infinitive Passive Future)
• future passive infinitives using supine with additional verbs ? r? .
  • Ports? tum? r? is translated as "to be taken." This is usually used in indirect talks. For example: Omn? S sen? T? Res d? X? Runt templum conditum? R ?. "All senators say that a temple will be built."

The Future Infinitive Passive Future is actually not very common (Latin Wheelock mentions it exists but makes it a point to avoid using it in practice examples). In practice, the Romans themselves often use alternative expressions, " fore ut " followed by a subjunctive clause.

Visible

The supine is the fourth major part of the verb, as given in the Latin dictionary. It resembles a masculine verb of the fourth slump. Injuries occur only in accusative and ablative cases.

• The accusative form ends with -um , and is used with motion verbs to indicate purpose. So it's only used with verbs like ? Back "to go", ven? Re "to come", etc. The accusative form of the supine can also take the object if necessary.
  • Father v? nit ports? tum l? ber? s su. s. - Dad came to bring his children.
• Ablative, which ends in -? , used with Ablative of Specification.
  • Arma haec facillima port? t? is not clear. - This arm is the easiest to carry.
Gerund ​​

Gerund is formed similarly to the current active participle. However, -ns becomes -usus , and the previous ? or ? is shortened. Gerunds are neutral nouns of the second slump, but no nominative cases exist. Gerund is a noun, meaning "act of doing (verb)", and forming a suppletive paradigm to the infinitive, which can not be denied. For example, the genitive form portand? can mean "bring", original form portand? can mean "to carry", the accusative form portandum can mean "carry", and the ablative form portand? can mean "by bringing in", "with respect to carry", etc.

One common use of gerund is with the preposition ads to indicate purpose. For example, paratus ad oppugnandum can be translated as "ready to attack". However gerund is avoided when an object is introduced, and a passive construction with a gerundive is preferred. For example, to "be ready to attack the enemy" the construction of paratus ad hostes oppugnandos is preferable to paratus ad hostes oppugnandum .

Gerundive

The Gerundive has a form similar to gerund, but is the adjective of the first and second declarations, and serves as a passive participle in the future (see Ã, § Participation above). That means "(being) to be... ed". Often, gerundives are used with implicit esse , to indicate obligations.

• Puer portandus "Boy to take"
• Oratio laudanda est means "The speech must be praised". In such constructions, the substantive in the dative can be used to identify the agent of the obligation (dativus auctoris ), as in Oratio nobis laudanda est meaning " The speech should be praised by us "or" We should praise the speech ".

For some examples of the use of Latin gerundives, see Gerundive article.

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periphrastic conjugation

There are two peripheral conjunctions. One is active, and the other is passive.

Active

The first peripheral conjugation uses a future participle. Combined with forms esse . This is translated as "I will bring," "I will bring", etc.

Passive

The second peripheral conjugate uses gerundive. Combined with esse forms and expressed the need. This is translated as "I must be taken," "I must be brought," etc., or as "I must (must) be brought," "I must be brought," etc.

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Unique

Uncomplicated verbs

There are some irregular verbs in Latin that are not grouped into certain conjugations (such as esse and posse ), or slightly deviate from the conjugation (such as ferre, ? re, and dare ). It consists of the following list and its compounds (such as conferre ). Many irregular verbs lack the fourth major part.

the number of esse, fu ?, fut? rum ^[1] - be, there

possum, posse ^[2] , potu? - to be able, can

e?,? re ,? v?/??,? tum - to go

vol?, velle, volu? - hope, want

n? l?, n? lle, n? lu? - do not want, deny

m? l?, m? lle, m? lu? - to select

fer?, ferre, tul?, l? tum - to bear, endure, carry, carry

f?, fier ?, factus sum - to be, happens, created

ed?,? sse ,? d?,? sum - eat, discard

d?, dare, ded ?, datum - give, bestow

Of all this, esse , ferre , and fier? very useful, that is, the third and fourth major parts of those who deviate reflect what is completely different. verbs historically (in Proto-Indo-Europe).

E-mail and semi-deponent words

The verb deponent is a passive verb in form (ie, conjugated as if in a passive voice) but is active in meaning. The verb has only three main parts, because the perfect of the ordinary passive is formed periphrastically with the perfect participle, which is formed on the same rod as the supine. Some examples that come from all conjugations are:

First conjugation: m? ror, m? r? r ?, m? r? tus sum - admire, wonder

2nd conjugation: polliceor, pollic? r?, pollicitus sum - to promise, offer

3rd conjugation: loquor, loqu?, loc? tus sum - to speak, say

Conjugate 4: mentior, ment? r ?, ment? tus sum - to lie

The deponent verb uses active conjugation for words that are not in the passive: gerund, the supine, the present and the future and the infinitive future. They can not be used in the passive itself (except the gerundive ones), and their analogs with the "active" form are in fact absent: one can not directly translate "The word is said" by all forms of loqu? , and there is no form like loqu? , loquis , loquit , etc.

The semi-deponent verb forms an imperfect aspect tense by means of ordinary active verbs; but their perfect shape is constructed peripherally as deponents and ordinary passives; thus, the semi deponent verb has a perfect active participle, not a perfect passive participle. An example:

aude ?, aud? re, ausus sum - for brave, effort

Unlike passive active verbs, which are always intransitive, some deponent verbs are transitive, meaning that they can pick up objects. As an example:

Eo die quo consueverat intervallo hostes sequitur. - That day he followed the enemy at the usual distance.

Note: In Roman, which does not have a deponent or passive verb form, the classical Latin deponent verb disappears (replaced by a non-deputy verb with the same meaning) or transforms into a non-deponent form. For example, in Spanish and Italian, m? R? R? turns into mirar (e) by converting all verb forms to "active form" previously not available, and aude? changes into osar (e) by taking participle ausus and making the verb -ar (e) from it (note that < i> au go to o ).

Default verb

A broken verb is a conjugated verb in just a few examples.

• Some verbs are only conjugated in perfective aspect tenses, but have tenses of imperfective aspect. Thus, the perfect being at this moment, the pluperfect becomes imperfect, and the perfect future becomes the future. Therefore, the broken verb ? D? means, "I hate." The principal parts of this defective verb are given in the vocabulary with perfect indicative in the first person and perfectly active infinitive. Some examples are:

? d?,? disse - hate

memin?, meminisse - to remember

coep?, coepisse - has started

• Some verbs, what they usually do with speech, appear only in certain instances.

cedo , meaning "Submit it" or "Exit with it" only in the imperative mood, and only used in the second person.

Berikut ini terkonjugasi secara tidak teratur:

Aio

Present Participle Aktif: - ai? ns, -entis

Inquam

Fari

Present Participle Aktif - f? ns, fantis

Hadir Infinitif Aktif - f? r? (varian: f? rier )

Supine - (acc.) f? tum , (abl.) f? t?

Gerund - (gen.) fand?, (dat. dan abl.) fand ?, tidak ada akusatif

Gerundive - fandus, -a, -um

The Roman language lost many of these verbs, but others (such as ? D ) survived but became regular conjugate verbs (in Italian, odiare ).

Impersonal Verb

Impersonal Verbs are those that have no one. In English an impersonal verb is usually used with the neutral pronoun "it" (as in "Seems," or "It's a storm"). Latin uses a single third person. This verb does not have a fourth part. Some examples are:

pluit, pluere, pluvit - rain (rain)

ningit, ningere, ninxit ^[4] - to snow (snow)

oportet, oport? re, oportuit - to be decent (should be, should/should)

licet, lic? re, licuit - to be allowed [to] (allowed []]

Third person shapes of esse can also be seen as impersonal when viewed from an English perspective:

Nox aest? va calida fuit. - It was a hot summer night.

Est e? qu? terram colunt. - Those who cultivate the land.

Active irregular future participation

As stated, the active participle in the future is usually formed by deleting -um from supine, and adding -? Rus. However, some irregularities occur.

Alternative verb forms

Some form of verb can occur in an alternative form (in some authors this form is quite common, if not more common than the canonical):

• The -ris suffix in passive voices may be -re as in:

port? b? ris -> port? b? re

• End -? tap perfectly possible -? back (especially in poetry) as in:

port? v? runt -> port? v? re

• The suffix -? in passive infinitive may be -ier as in:

port? r? -> port? rier , dic? -> dicier

Workflow syntax works

As in most Roman languages, syncopation forms and contractions are present in Latin. They can occur in the following example:

• The perfect stem which ends with -v can be contracted when inflection.

port? visse -> port? sse

port? vist? -> port? st?

port? verant -> port? rant

port? visset -> port? sset

• Compounds noscere (to learn) and mov? re (for moving, removing) can also be contracted.

n? vist? -> n? st?

n? vistis -> n? stis

comm? veram -> comm? ram

comm? ver? s -> comm? r? s

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Form summary

Four conjugations in limited form

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Note

^ Fut? rus esse is sometimes contracted as fore as seen in Caesar De Bello Gallico .
^ The uncoordinated ancient form potesse often occurs in Lucretius.
^ Form moriri , Ovid, Metamorphoses (poetry) 14.215
^ Often used by Cicero.
^ Personally used by Lucretius (2.627): ningunt

src: dcc.dickinson.edu

See also

• Grammatical conjugation
• Latin Declaration
• Romantic copula
• William Whitaker's words,

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References

• J.B. Greenough; G.L. Kittredge; A A. ​​Howard; Benj. L. D'Ooge, eds. (1903). Allen and Greenough New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges . Ginn and Company.
• Bennett, Charles Edwin (1918). New Latin Grammar .

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External links

• Verbix automatically conjures verbs in Latin.
• The Latin Verb Synopsis Drill tests users on their ability to properly conjugate verbs.
• Arbuckle Latin Conjugator automatically conjugates and translates verbs in Latin.

Source of the article : Wikipedia