A mattress is a large rectangular pad to support a lying body, designed to be used as a bed or on a bed frame, as part of the bed. Mattresses may consist of a laminated or tight-lined pouch, usually of thick fabrics, containing hair, straw, cotton, foam rubber, etc., or metal springs. Mattresses can also be filled with air or water.
Mattresses are usually placed on a bed base that may be solid, as in the case of a platform bed, or elastic, for example with plywood and spring wire box or sloping foundation. Popular in Europe, a couch combines mattresses and foundations in one plated unit. Divan has at least one innerspring layer as well as bearing material. They may be provided with a detachable secondary mattress and/or "topper". Mattresses can also be filled with air or water, or various natural fibers, such as in the futon. Kapok is a common mattress material in Southeast Asia, and coir in South Asia.
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Histori
The word mattress comes from the Arabic ???????? ( ma? ra? ) meaning "something thrown down" or "where something is thrown" and hence "mats, pillows". During the Crusades, Europeans adopted the Arabian method of sleeping on cushions on the floor, and the word materas finally came down to Central English through the Romance languages. The oldest known mattress dates around 77,000 years ago.
Early mattresses contain a variety of natural ingredients including straw, feathers or horse hair. In the first half of the 20th century, typical mattresses sold in North America had innerspring core and cotton batting or fiberfill. Modern mattresses usually contain an inner spring core or materials such as latex, viscoelastic or other flexible polyurethane foams. Other filler components include insulating bearings on top of the coil which prevents the bed coating layer from cupping to innerspring, as well as polyester fibers in the upper layer of bed linings. In 1899 James Marshall introduced the first individually wrapped spring coil mattress now known as the Marshall scroll.
In North America, ordinary mattresses sold today are innerspring; However there is an increasing interest in all bed foam and so-called hybrid beds, which include innerspring and high-end foams such as visco-elastic or latex in comfort coating. In Europe, the core of the polyurethane foam and the latex core has long been popular and has become a much larger proportion of the mattresses sold.
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Construction
Conventional mattresses consist of two main parts - a core or an "support layer" and a coating or "comfort layer" - wrapped in a thick cloth called beats.
The upholstery covers the mattress and provides cushioning and comfort. The seat cover consists of three parts: insulator, middle seat, and blanket.
Mattresses are usually made to match the standards of bed sizes that vary by market.
Type
Innerspring
Innerspring mattresses generally consist of only a spring core, and a layer of upholstery and down.
Core
The mattress core supports the body of a sleeping person. Modern mattress spring cords, often called "innersprings," are made of steel springs, or "coils."
The size of the coil is another factor that determines firmness and support. Coils are measured in quarterly rise. The lower the number, the thicker the spring. In general, high-quality mattress rolls have a 14-gauge diameter (1.63 mm). Rolls of 14 to 15.5-gauge (1.63-1.37 mm) provide much easier under pressure, while the thickest 12.5-gauge (1.94 mm) roll is usually available, feels pretty strong.
The connection between the coils helps the mattress maintain its shape. Most coils are connected by interconnect cables; the coiled coil is not connected, but the cloth cover helps maintain the shape of the mattress.
There are four types of mattress coils:
- Bonnell coils are the oldest and most common. First adapted from the 19th century buggy springs, they are still prevalent in medium-price mattresses. Bonnell springs are coils of round, round, hour-shaped steel wire. When coated with a cross-wire helix, this coil forms the simplest innerspring unit, also referred to as the Bonnell unit.
- The offset coil is an hourglass type coil in which part of the upper and lower convolutions has been flattened. In assembling the innerspring unit, this flat wire segment is hinged together with a helical cable. The hinging effect of the unit is designed to fit the body shape. LFK coil is a non-knitted offset coil with a cylindrical or columnar shape.
- Continuous Rolls (brand name Leggett & Platt is "Mira-coil") is an innerspring configuration in which a row of rolls is formed from one wire. They work in a hinging effect similar to the offset windings.
- Marshall Rolls, also known as coiled or wrapped coils or spring bags , in the form of thin, bell-shaped coils, with no knots wrapped in cloth bags - usually fibrous fabrics instead woven man-made. Some manufacturers disassemble this coil, which makes the mattress firmer and allows for separation of movement between sides of the bed. Because springs are not connected together, they work more or less independently: the weight on a spring does not affect its neighbors. More than half of consumers participating in the survey have chosen to purchase a pocket spring mattress.
Layer coating
The upholstery covers the mattress and provides cushioning and comfort. Some manufacturers refer to the mattress core as a "support layer" and the "comfort layer" coating layer. The seat cover consists of three parts: insulator, middle seat, and blanket.
The isolator separates the mattress core from the middle coating. Usually made of fibers or nets and is intended to keep the middle coating in place.
The middle coating consists of all the materials between the insulator and the blanket. Usually made of materials intended to provide comfort to the sleeping person, including flexible polyurethane foam (which includes a convoluted "egg-crust" foam), visco-elastic foam, latex foam, felt, polyester fibers, cotton fibers, fibers wool and nonwoven fiber bearings. In Europe and North America, mattress makers have begun incorporating gel-infused foams, soft gel coated foams, and pouring gel in layers of comfort over the bed.
The blanket is the top layer of the mattress. Made from lightweight foam or fibers stitched to the bottom of a tick, it provides a soft surface texture to the mattress and can be found in varying degrees of firmness.
Foundation
There are three main types of foundation or bed base:
- The traditional box spring consists of a rigid frame containing an extra-heavy task spring. The foundation is often paired with innerspring mattresses, as this extends the life of the spring unit in the core of the mattress.
- An all-wood foundation usually has seven or eight supporting blades dumped under cardboard or beaverboard. This foundation, called the "no-flex", "low-flex" or "zero-deflection units, as well as" ortho boxes ", provides support similar to platform foundations. All wood foundations became more prevalent when the US mattress maker shifted to a one-sided mattress.
- The foundation of the grid is a combination of steel and wood.
Usually the foundation measurement will be about 1-2 "shorter than the measurement of the mattress.
Cloth cover
Ticking is a protective cloth cover used to wrap mattresses and foundations. These are usually designed to coordinate with the fabric of the foundation frontier and are present in a variety of colors and styles. Mattress fabric can be knitted, damask or woven fabric, or cheap weave. Over the last decade, along with the increasing popularity of all foam beds, the glaring knit above the bed panels has become a standard display on foam beds and innerspring. Most beats are made with polyester yarn. More expensive mattress fabrics may contain a combination of polyester with rayon, cotton, silk, wool or other natural threads.
Until the early 2000s, beds were usually lined with a single cloth. This is usually a ticking damask or, for cheap bedets, nonwoven fabrics that cover all mattress surfaces and foundations. The bed linen today is covered with up to six different fabrics: Better round knitting or damask woven quality on the top panel - bed surface; matching fabrics or contrast [usually woven] on the mattress frontier; matching fabrics or contrast [usually woven] on foundation side panels; non-slip woven or non-woven fabric on the foundation surface and back side of the mattress; and a nonwoven dust cover at the bottom of the foundation. Some North American mattress manufacturers started to use upholstery furniture on the border of the bed giving a more European bed, visible home furniture.
Foam mattress
All-foam mattresses use different weights and density of petrochemical flexible polyurethane foam and visco-elastic foam or memory foam, and latex foam rubber. A number of mattress manufacturers have incorporated polyurethane and visco-elastic foams with a portion of vegetable content. All foam mattresses are often paired with platform platforms.
Latex foam
The latex foam in the mattress is generally a mixture of latex Hevea brasiliensis and synthetic sap, derived from petrochemicals and other substances and fillers. However, natural latex mattresses leave polyurethane-based chemicals. Latex foam is produced using Talalay or Dunlop processes. Each gives a different nuance. Dunlop is generally a stronger foam, Talalay is softer. While the Dunlop process produces a denser foam, the Talalay process produces a lighter that has more air in it. If you weigh each as a latex core, the Dunlop foam will become heavier as it has more latex in it. Talalay is more expensive because of its more resource-intensive production. Natural latex foam has a higher latex content than synthetic latex, however, "100% natural latex foam" is misleading.
Memory foam
Memory foam mattresses use visco-elastic foam on a firmer polyurethane base foam. Some innerspring mattresses have memory foam in the coating layer. Different levels of comfort and comfort are achieved by varying the thickness, weight and visco-elastic foam formulations and the basic foam. The latex and memory foam mattresses each give a unique feel. This type of mattress is great for relieving pressure on painful joints. Many memory foam mattresses are more expensive than standard spring mattresses.
Memory foam is affected by temperature. In a cool room, the memory foam mattress will feel tighter than in the warm bedroom. Memory softens and fits sleep in response to body temperature and weight. The traditional memory foam mold for the body creates sleep depression should come out when changing the sleeping position. Mattress manufacturers have responded to this problem by using "faster response" memory foam. They return faster when sleep moves. Foam mattresses are also known to generally "sleep more warmly" than innerspring mattresses. Mattress makers have addressed this issue with the "open cell" memory foam, pinhole memory foam, gel-infused memory foam, cuticle foam core, reticulation foam support lining and other technologies to improve air circulation through all foam beds.
High density foam
Similar to memory foam mattresses, high density foam mattresses using a more compact foam are usually made of polyurethane. This type of foam is made mostly of open cells packed together with meetings. High density foam mattresses offer comfort and long life because they are denser than traditional foam mattresses. High density foam mattresses that have an innerspring system last longer and eliminate sagging mattresses.
Bladder mattress
Mattresses can also be made from the bladder of some fluids, especially water or air. This date for ancient times - goat skin pockets filled with water used in Persia at least in the early 3600 BC - and gained popularity in the twentieth century with increased manufacturing.
Air mattress
Air mattresses use one or more air spaces rather than springs to provide support. Quality and price can range from the cheap ones that are sometimes used for camping, to luxurious luxury beds. Air mats designed for ordinary bedrooms cost almost as much as inner spring mattresses with comparable features. Air bladder construction varies from a simple polyethylene bag to an internal bunker, a latex chamber (vulcanized rubber) or vinyl with a cotton exterior bound. The mattress may have a layer of foam above the air chamber for additional pads, and may be covered in the lid. Some beds are called soft air beds.
The customizable use of "firmbade" became popular especially after the Select Comfort market leader started a major marketing campaign around 2001. The original airbed was manufactured by Comfortaire in 1981, which was later purchased by Select Comfort. There are several other manufacturers. Some allow independent adjustment of each side of the bed. They are made in a variety of basic, no-frills models that measure about 7 "high, to high-profile, 15" high hybrids containing several types of foam, pillow tops, and digital pumps with memory for individual pressure. Settings. Studies show that adjustable bed firmness is better for back pain.
Mattresses that are adjustable for medical use have special control mechanisms. In the 1990s, automatic bedding adjusts the air that automatically changes their pressure periodically, or inflates and deflates some air space alternately, introduced. The purpose of this periodic change is to reduce the problem with bed sores, although in 2008 the effectiveness of this technique is still being investigated.
A camping air mattress is available which is filled with foam which in itself provides little support, but expands when the air valve is opened allowing air to enter, so the mattress (almost) expands on its own. This is very useful for campers who carry their equipment because, unlike regular air mattresses, no pumps are required to inflate. Available brands include Aerobed, Coleman, Therm-a-Rest and others.
The US Consumer Product Safety Commission advises consumers not to let babies sleep on air mattresses. This is motivated by a death report, most babies younger than 8 months old, who are placed to sleep on an air mattress, and either suffocate in prone position on the air mattress or die from suffocation after falling into the gap between the mattress and bed frame , or mattresses and furniture or adjacent walls.
Waterbeds
The water bed is a mattress with water on the inside instead of metal or air rolls. Waterbeds can be coated with various layers of fiber to achieve a degree of user firmness. Waterbeds are notorious for providing support to the spine and other body parts, similar to other types of mattresses. There are several support options that range up to 100% directionless, where the user does not see him lying on a water mattress.
Quality
Many parameters determine the quality of the mattress. Laboratory test methods have been established for some of these parameters, such as pressure distribution, skin microclimate, hygiene, edge support, and long-term stability. Some of them have been developed by Duncan Bain, working on behalf of the UK's Agency for Drugs and Healthcare.
Other parameters, such as firmness, are more specific for sleep. In general, strong mattresses are recommended for the stomach and some bedding, soft mattresses are recommended for bedding, and mattresses are recommended for most of the back. A double mattress is available with a softer and firmer part, or with adjustable level of firmness, to accommodate sleep with different bed-sharing preferences.
Ergonomics
In 2003, a randomized controlled trial found that medium-firm mattresses assessed using Hs scale from the European Committee for Standardization were associated with less pain; this study has been cited by clinical practice guidelines for low back pain. By 2015, a systematic review of the study concluded that a medium mattress, a specially fixed mattress is best for neutral spinal cord and spread.
Age
Mattresses deteriorate over time, and the life span of the mattress depends on various factors, especially materials, manufacturing quality, care, and strong usability. A poor quality foam comfort layer may worsen within 1 year, while a qualified latex core can last 20 years or more; core innerspring usually lasts about 10 years. Comfort layers are almost always the first area to fail, which is why mattresses are often two sides, to extend the life span. A separate cover can be used in lieu of or in addition to the comfort layer, which reduces wear and can be replaced without replacing the entire mattress.
In the United States, mattress guarantees are usually for 10 years or 20 years, sometimes 25 years, though this specifically deals with deterioration of manufacturing and deterioration that is faster than normal, not the expected damage to time. In the United States, in 2008 there was a general expectation that the mattress should last about 10 years, and this is the average number of years Americans keep the mattress, although this varies by age group. This expectation is based on a number of factors, including: sales promotion; hope that the mattress will last long from their warranty, then 10 years or 20 years, accordingly; and comparison with other household items.
Mattress replacement cycle is a major driver of income and profits for the mattress industry - a five-year replacement cycle results in double the sales of a 10-year replacement cycle, for example - so the mattress industry has a financial incentive to shorten the replacement cycle. In particular, the International Sleep Products Association (ISPA) established the Better Sleep Council (BSC) in 1979 with the goal set to "shorten the mattress replacement cycle", in addition to encouraging people to "invest in a better bed".
An industry-funded 2006 study by Oklahoma State University (funded by BSC) of 59 people with poor sleep that received new free replacement mattresses for their existing mattresses 5 years or older (average age 9.5 years) found an increase in sleep, especially when existing mattresses are cheap. A follow-up paper by some of the same authors with additional statistical analysis reinforces this conclusion. The BSC then cites this study in a news magazine published ISPA for bedding manufacturers, BedTimes, to advocate for a more frequent replacement cycle, specifically to "consider changing mattresses every five to seven years"; this recommendation is largely based on this study.
Care and care
Major wear problems that can occur with sagging, moldy, and stained mattresses. This is prevented with proper support, rotation and flipping, keeping it dry, and using a mattress or protective pad. Some of the symptoms of broken or worn mattresses include springs that can be felt through layers of seats, visible sagging or permanent disfigurement, blobs, and excessive screeching.
Mattresses need a strong foundation that does not sag itself - a loose foundation, like a weak blade in a wide bed, will in turn cause the mattress to sag. Consistently sleeping in the same place and body position causes excessive wear and tear, and thus twisting or flipping the mattress is used to reduce this: a two-sided mattress can alternate wide-wise revolutions (around long axes) and long-wise (about shorter axis), or alternately flipping and rotating; while a one-sided mattress is simply rotated, which is simpler but less effective. Flipping/rotation schedules vary between material and manufacturer, but are usually recommended every month for the first six months, and every two or three months thereafter. The foundation should also be screened, if possible, though less frequently - rotating the box spring twice a year is recommended. While loosening is undesirable, some degree of indentation (about 8 cm (3.1 inches)) is natural if the natural ingredients are used in a comfortable coat.
Excessive wear and tear on the mattress, such as folding and bending, placing heavy objects at one point, or excess power on the handle, will also cause more damage. Care should be specifically taken during transportation or storage.
Mattresses require ventilation to keep dry and prevent fungus, and thus should not be placed directly on the floor or on solid surfaces - blades or box springs provide space for airflow, while solid wood or plywood (as in cheap bunkie boards) is not. Additional ventilation is recommended for natural ingredients, in this case leaving a "naked" mattress after stripping sheets (eg during washing) is recommended. If the mattress is allowed to become wet, for example with wet cleaning, the fungus may develop inside the seat; cleaning with a vacuum cleaner or a mild surface cleaner and a slightly moist cloth avoid this.
Mattresses absorb fluid and stains, especially from night sweats (which produce yellow stains), darker seminal stains (or Cowper), darker menstrual fluid, and other body fluids in addition to accidental spills. It looks stains the bend, and seeps into the bottom layer. In addition to unhygienic, difficult to wash, and unsightly, such stains usually void the warranty. So mattress protectors are advised to protect the mattress; these can be removed and cleaned separately, and replaced if damaged.
Industry
Companies often specialize on certain types of mattresses, such as innerspring, latex, and airbed, although as latex and airbeds have become more popular, they are becoming more common.
Most of the same mattresses are often sold under different brand names; the two biggest brands, Serta and Simmons, belong to the same company after the purchase of private equity. Simmons, founded in the late 1800s, was bought and sold several times and faced bankruptcy following a major downturn in the blanket industry in the 2000s. The International Sleep Products Association was founded in 1915 and released a report on the sale of US mattresses. Another association, Specialty Sleep Association, represents companies like Innomax and Boyd Specialty that focus on latex, water, and airbeds. However, Select Comfort, which produces airbeds (special beds), is a member of ISPA.
In 2012, Sealy Corporation, founded in 1881, was purchased by Tempur-Pedic, which has introduced all foam brands (TEMPUR-Material) to the United States in 1992.
Another big company, Spring Air, went bankrupt in 2009 and was bought by one of its former executives.
Comfortaire, founded in 1981, is the first to specialize in airbeds. Then purchased by Select Comfort.
In Spain Pikolin, founded in 1948, is one of the largest mattress manufacturers.
The adjustable bed has become a trend and is more compatible with certain mattress types such as latex or memory foam. It is very popular in Europe, and for one business accounts for 25% of beds in Sweden in 2010 and 70% of beds in the Netherlands.
Size
Mattress size varies worldwide. Wikipedia has a dedicated article, a bed size, detailing international practices and practices.
See also
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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