Nail polish (also known as nail varnish ) is a varnish that can be applied on human fingernails or toenails to decorate and protect the nail plate. The formulation has been revised repeatedly to enhance its decorative effect, and to suppress cracking or peeling. Nail polish consists of a mixture of organic polymers and some other components, depending on the brand. People use this liquid to create simple or complex designs with bright colors, charms, or more.
Video Nail polish
History
Nail polish comes from China and comes from 3000 BC. Around 600 BC, during the Zhou dynasty, the royal house preferred gold and silver colors. However, red and black eventually replaced these metallic colors as royal favorites. During the Ming dynasty, nail polish was often made from a mixture that included beeswax, egg white, gelatin, vegetable dye, and gum arab.
In Egypt, the lower classes wear pale, while upper class people paint their nails reddish brown, with girlfriends. The mummified pharaoh also has a nail painted with a girlfriend.
Colored nail polish did not appear until the 1920s. Early nail polish formulas are made using basic ingredients such as lavender oil, Carmine, tin oxide, and bergamont oil. It's more common to polish your nails with colored powder and cream, and finish with a nail polish until glossy. One type of polishing product sold around this time is Hyglo Graf nail polish.
Maps Nail polish
Materials
Nail polish comprises a film-forming polymer dissolved in volatile organic solvents. Nitrocellulose dissolved in butyl acetate or ethyl acetate is common. This basic formulation is extended to include the following:
- Plasticizers to produce non-fragile films. Dibutylphthalate and camphor are typical plasticizers.
- Dyes and pigments. Representative compounds include green chromium oxide, chromium hydroxide, iron ferrocyanide, stannic oxide, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, carmine, ultramarine, and manganese violet.
- Light dye pigments. The sparkling/glowing appearance in color can be given by mica, bismuth oxychloride, natural pearl, and aluminum powder.
- The adhesive polymer ensures that nitrocellulose is attached to the nail surface. One of the modifiers used is tosilamide-formaldehyde resins.
- The thickening material is added to keep the particles sparkling in suspension while inside the bottle. The typical thickener is stearalkonium hectorite. Thickening agents show thixotropy, the solution is thick when still but it flows freely when agitated. This duality is convenient to apply easily the new shaken mix to give a film that quickly becomes stiff.
- Ultraviolet stabilizers resist color change when dry film is exposed to sunlight. A typical stabilizer is benzophenone-1.
Type
The base layer
This type of nail polish is a clear, milky, or opaque pink paint formula that is used specifically before applying nail polish to the nail. The goal is to strengthen the nails, restore moisture to the nails, and/or help polish the nails so that the coloration will not occur and the manicure lasts longer than without the base layer. Some base coats are marketed as "ridge fillers" that can create smooth surfaces, and reduce the appearance of the back that can appear on the nails that are not wrapped.
Top layer
This type of nail polish is a clear colored paint formula that is used especially after applying nail polish to the nail. It forms a hardened barrier for nails that can prevent chipping, scratching and peeling. Many top coats are marketed as "dry fast." The top coat can help quickly dry colored paint as well. It gives the look of a more final and desired look and can help keep paint longer.
Gel
Polishing gels are durable nail polish made from a kind of methacrylate polymer. These are painted on nails that are similar to traditional nail polish, but are not dry. Instead it is cured under ultraviolet light or ultraviolet LED. While regular nail polish formulas typically last two to seven days without chipping, polish gel can last for two weeks with the right application and home care. Polish gels can be harder to remove than regular nail polish. Usually gently pushed (often with a wooden stick) after soaking the nails in pure acetone (solvent used in most nail polish remover) for eight to fifteen minutes.
Matte
Matte polish is like ordinary polish, but has a finer finish that is duller than shine. These can be purchased as regular base layers in different color ranges. Matte nail polish can also be found in the top layer. The top layer of Matte is most useful for painting over dry base colors, giving it a different appearance. The matte topcoat will dull the luster from the base layer paint. Matte polish has become very popular over the years, mainly because it can be used in nail art applications, where designs can be made on nails using contrast from both glossy and matte surfaces.
Shellac
Shellac is a polish gel brand, created by Creative Nail Design (CND) Company.
In
modeTraditionally, nail polish begins with clear, red, pink, purple, and black colors. Nail polish can be found in a variety of colors and shades. In addition to solid colors, nail polish has also developed various other designs, such as wrinkles, glitter, flake, speckled, iridescent, and holographic. Rhinestones or other decorative arts are also often applied to nail polish. Some paints are advertised to induce nail growth, make nails stronger, prevent broken nails, break/break, and even stop biting the nails.
French manicure
The French manicure is designed to resemble a natural nail, and is characterized by a natural pink base with a white tip. French manicure is one of the first popular and famous color schemes. French manicure probably originated in the 18th century in Paris but was most popular in the 1920s and 1930s. One of the latest trends involves painting different colors as the tip of the nail instead of the basic white. French tip nails can be made with stickers, stencils or with a basic toothpick.
Social media
Social media has created a nail art culture that allows users to share images about their nail art. "WWD reported sales of nail polish reached a record $ 768 million in the US in 2012, up 32% compared to 2011, despite a messy market that seems to see a new launch every week." Several new poles and related products entered the market in the second decade of the twenty-first century as part of a nail art explosion, such as nail stickers (whether made of nail or plastic paint), stencils, magnetic nail polish, nail pens, glitter and sequin topcoats , nail caviar (micro beads) nail polish is marketed for men, flavored nail polish, and color changing nails (some that change the color when exposed to sunlight, and the range that changes the hue in response to heat). Pinterest, Instagram, and YouTube have become popular social media sites where many people around the world post their unique nail art.
Western World
Western nail polish has traditionally been worn by women, in and out of acceptance depending on the moral habits of the day. In Victorian-era culture, it is generally considered inappropriate for women to decorate themselves with makeup or nail coloring, since natural appearance is considered purer and more pure. However, in the 1920s, the women left corsets and long dresses in the back, changed into dresses with simple loose dresses, and began wearing colors in new makeup and nail products, partly in rebellion with past prima donna habits they had recently. Since the 1920s, nail color has grown from a standard French and red manicure to a wide selection of color palettes, typically coordinated with the fashion clothing colors of the fashion industry for this season. In the 1940s the entire nail was finally painted as before it was fashionable to have bare tips and crescent moon on the nail bed.
Men start to use clear nail polish on their nails to protect them from damage, and as recorded from 2013, some men also start wearing colored nail polish on their toenails, and some even in their hands, may arise from its use by rock musicians or in the Goth subculture. While pastel colors such as pink are usually not worn by men, colors like black, metal gun, silver, olive green, or brown are more often seen. This is especially true in warm climatic areas where open-toed shoes are worn and can cover damaged or damaged nails.
Done
There are 15 layers of nail polish:
- Shimmer
- Micro-shimmer
- Glow micro
- Glitter
- Frost
- Luster
- Creme
- Prismatic micro-glitter or shimmer
- Iridescent
- Opalescent
- Matte
- Duochrome
- Jelly or translucent
- Magnetic
- Noisy
- Glass-painted
- Holographic
Nail polish remover
Nail polish remover is an organic solvent that may also include oils, aromas, and dyes. Nail polish removal packs may include individual felt pads soaked in remover, a bottle of fluid remover used with cotton or cotton, or a foam-filled container in which a person inserts a finger and twists it until the paint is released. Choosing the type of eraser is determined by the user preferences, and often the price or quality of the busting.
The most common removal is acetone. It can be rough on the skin and nails. Acetone can also remove artificial nails made from acrylic or dried gel.
The less rough nail polish remover is ethyl acetate, which often also contains isopropyl alcohol. Ethyl acetate is usually the original solvent for nail polish itself.
Acetonitrile has been used as a nail polish remover, but it is more toxic and potentially more carcinogenic than the previously mentioned options. It has been banned in the European Economic Area for use in cosmetics since March 17, 2000.
Health issues
The health risks associated with nail polish are debatable. According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, "The amount of chemicals used in animal studies may be several hundred times higher than you know from using nail polish every week or so, so every individual phthalate poses such a danger [in humans] very slim. "More serious health risks are faced by professional nail technicians, who perform a manicure on the workstation, known as a nail table, in which the client's hands are resting - just below the respirator zone of the technician. In 2009, Susan Reutman, an epidemiologist from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health of the Division of Applied Research and Technology, announced a federal effort to evaluate the effectiveness of subsurface nail tables (VNTs) in eliminating potential chemical exposure and nail polish dust. from the technician's work area. This ventilation system has the potential to reduce exposure to chemicals by at least 50%. Many nail technicians often wear masks to cover their mouths and noses from inhaling dust or harsh chemicals from nail products.
According to Reutman, more and more scientific literature suggests that some inhaled and absorbed organic solvents found in nail salons such as glycol ether and carbon disulfide may have adverse effects on reproductive health. These effects may include birth defects, low birth weight, miscarriage, and premature birth.
Nail polish formulations may include ingredients that are toxic or affect other health problems. One of the controversial family materials is phthalates, which are involved as endocrine disruptors and are associated with problems in the endocrine system and an increased risk of diabetes. Manufacturers have been pressured by consumer groups to reduce or eliminate potentially toxic ingredients, and in September 2006, some companies agreed to stop the dibutyl phthalates. There is no universal consumer safety standard for nail polish, however, and while formaldehyde has been removed from some brands of nail polish, others still use it.
Environmental rules and issues
The city of San Francisco in the United States enacts city regulations, publicly identifying companies using free nail polishes from the "toxic trio" of dibutyl phthalate, toluene, and formaldehyde.
Nail polish is considered hazardous waste by some regulatory bodies such as the Los Angeles Department of Public Works. Many countries have strict limits for sending nail polish by mail. The "toxic trio" is currently being removed, but there is still a component of nail polish that can cause environmental problems. Getting out of the bottle into the soil can cause contamination in the ground water. Chromium (III) Prussia green and blue oxides are common in nail polish and have shown evidence through chemical degradation, which could have a detrimental effect on health.
References
Further reading
- Charles Panati, Extraordinary Origin of Everyday Things , Harper & amp; Row, 1987
External links
- Nail Salon: How to be safe at work - Oregon OSHA
- US. Environmental Protection Agency - Nail Salon Project
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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