A variety of equipment is used during rock or other climbing types that include equipment commonly used to protect climbers from falling consequences.
See also Glossary of climbing terms for other equipment descriptions.
Video Rock-climbing equipment
Tali, kabel dan anyaman
The climbing rope is usually of kernmantle construction, which consists of the core (kern) of long-bend fibers and the outer sheath (mantle) of woven-colored fibers. The core provides about 80% of tensile strength, while the sheath is a durable layer that protects the core and provides the desired handling characteristics of the rope.
The ropes used for climbing can be divided into two classes: dynamic straps and a low extension cord (sometimes called a "static" string). Dynamic straps are designed to absorb the energy of fallen climber, and are usually used as Belaying straps. When a climber falls, the strings stretch, reducing the maximum force experienced by climbers, belayers, and their equipment. The low extension rope stretches much less, and is usually used in a retaining system. They are also used for abseiling (rappelling) and as ropes keep rising with ascenders.
Modern woven or "ribbon" made of nylon or Spectra/Dyneema, or a combination of both. Special nylon woven climbing is generally a tubular plait, ie, a flat-pressed nylon tube. It is very strong, generally rated more than 9 kN (2,000 lbf). Dyneema is even stronger, often rated above 20 kN (4,500 lbf) and as high as 27 kN (6,100 lbf). In 2010, UK-based DMMs did decrease factor 1 and 2 tests on various Dyneema and nylon webs, suggesting Dyneema sling could fail even under 60 cm. Tying knots in Dyneema's webbing has proven to have reduced the total number of supported powers by half.
When the webbing is sewn or tied together at the end, it becomes a sling or a runner, and if you connect the carabiner to each end of the sling, you have a quickdraw. This loop is made in one of two ways - stitched (using bony stitches) or tied. Both ways to form a runner have their advantages and disadvantages, and it is for individual climbers to choose which to use. In general, most climbers carry several types. It is also important to note that only nylon can be securely tied to a runner (usually using a water knot or beer node), Dyneema is always stitched because the fibers are too slippery to hold the knot under the weight.
Webbing has many uses such as:
- Extend the distance between protection and tie-in point.
- Markers around trees or stones.
- Extension or anchor anchor.
- Emergency bags.
- Bring equipment (cut to sling worn over shoulder).
- Protect the rope that hangs over the sharp edges (pipe webbing).
Maps Rock-climbing equipment
Carabiner
Carabiner is a metal loop with a spring gate (aperture), used as a connector. Having been made primarily of steel, almost all carabiners for recreational climbing are now made of lightweight aluminum alloys. Steel carabiners are much heavier, but harder to wear, and are therefore often used by instructors when working with groups.
Carabiners exist in various forms; the shape of the carabiner and the type of gate vary according to the intended use. There are two main varieties: locking and non-locking carabiners. Locking the carabiner offers a method of preventing open gates when in use. Locking the carabiner is used for important connections, such as in anchor points or tethering devices. There are several different types of locking carabiners, including play lock and thread lock. Twist-lock carabiners are often referred to as "auto-locking carabiners" because of their spring locking mechanism. Non-locking karabiner is usually found as a quickdraw component.
Carabiners are made with different types of gates including wire gates, bent gates, and straight gates. Different gates have different strengths and uses. Most locking carabiners use straight gates. Carabiner gate and wire climbers are usually found on the ends of quickdraw straps, as they are easier to cut ropes than straight carabiners.
Carabiners are also known by many slang names including binary (pronounced beaner) or Krab .
The first climber who used the carabiner to climb was German climber Otto Herzog.
The Maillon (or Maillon Rapide) performs a function similar to a carabiner but not a hinge having internal threaded arms involved with threads on each end of the link, and is available in various shapes and sizes. They are very powerful but harder to open, either intentionally or unintentionally, so they are used for links that do not need to be released during normal use, such as a harness center.
Quickdraws
Quickdraws (often referred to as "draws") are used by climbers to connect the rope to anchor bolts, or other traditional protection, allowing the rope to move through the retaining system with minimal friction. Quickdraw consists of two non-locking carabiners connected together by short-stitched woven loops. As an alternative, and quite regularly, pre-sewn webbing nets are replaced with a dyneema/nylon webbing sling mentioned above. This is usually from a 60 cm circle and can triple between carabiners to form a 20 cm circle. Then when longer it takes the sling can be converted back into a 60 cm circle offering more flexibility than the pre-stitched loop. Carabiners used for clipping into protection generally have a straight gate, reducing the possibility of accidentally removing the carabiner from protection. Carabiners where the ropes are cut often have bent gates, so clipping the rope to the carabiner can be done quickly and easily. Quickdraws are also often used in indoor climbing. The quickdraw can be pre-attached to the wall. When a climber climbs up the wall, he has to cut the rope through a quickdraw to keep safety. The safest, easiest and most effective place to snap into a quickdraw is when its height is at the waist.
Utilize
Harness is a system used to connect ropes to climbers. There are two loops in front of the harness where the climber ties the rope around the work piece using the eight-digit node. Most straps are used in climbing which is constructed and worn around the pelvis and hips, although other types are used occasionally.
Different climbing types are special features for armor. Sports climbers usually use a minimalist appendage, some with a stitched tooth loop. Alpine climbers often choose a lightweight bridle, perhaps with loose legs. Big Wall climbers generally prefer a soft waist belt and a foot circumference. There is also a full body complement for children, whose pelvis may be too narrow to support the standard armor safely. This bridle prevents the child from falling even when reversed, and is produced for children or made of webbing. Some climbers use a full body buoy when there is a chance of turning over, or when carrying a heavy bag. There is also a chest harness, which is only used in combination with seat belts; This combination gives the same advantages as full body harness. However, test results from UIAA show that a breastplate armor may have a greater effect on the neck than a sitting buoy, making it a little more dangerous to use.
Apart from this harness, there are also caving and canyoning harness, all of which serve different purposes. For example, caving harness is made of hard, non-solid waterproof material, with two attachment points. Removing the light from these attachment points will loosen the armor quickly.
The use of the Canyoning harness is like climbing a rope, often without padding, but with a chair protector, making it more comfortable for rappel. It usually has a single attachment point of Dyneema.
Belay devices
The Belay device is a mechanical friction brake device that is used to control the rope while belaying. Their main goal is to let the rope be locked with little effort to withstand the fall of the climber. Some types of belay devices exist, some of which can also be used as offspring for a controlled drop on the rope, such as in abseiling or rappelling.
Belay devices are available in passive and active design:
Passive belay devices rely on handbrake belayer and carabiner to lock the rope. The sticht plates and the Air Traffic (ATC) line of tethering devices by the Black Diamond Equipment are examples of passive tethering devices. If the belay device is lost or damaged, Munter's obstacles on the carabiner can be used as a passive improvised belay device.
An active tethering device has a built-in mechanism that locks the string without the help of other equipment. GriGri by Petzl is an example of an active tethering device. Cam offset at GriGri locks the rope automatically to catch the fallen climber, like a seat belt in a locked car to hold passengers safely.
Device Rappel (descenders)
These tools are friction brakes designed for downhill ropes. Many belay devices can be used as offspring, but there are breeds that are not practical to hamper, as it is too difficult to feed a rope through them, or because they do not provide enough friction to withstand falling hard.
Picture eight
Sometimes called "figure of eight" or simply "eight", this device is most commonly used as descender, but can also be used as anchoring tool in the absence of more precise equipment.
It is an aluminum or steel "8" shaped device, but comes in several varieties. Its main advantage is efficient heat dissipation. A 8 square, used in rescue applications, is better for rappelling than the traditional 8.
Figure 8 allows a fast but controlled landing on the rope. They are manageable and effective in removing heat caused by friction but can have a tendency to cause twisting ropes. Holding the hand brake to the side twisted the rope, while holding the hand brake straight down, parallel to the body, allowing controlled offspring without turning the rope. An 8 descender can wear a rope faster than a tube belay/rappel style device because many of the bends it puts into a rope. Many sports climbers also avoid it because the extra mass of Figure 8 is put on a climbing rack. However, many ice climbers prefer to use 8, because it is much easier to thread with a rigid or frozen rope.
Rescued eight
The eight rescue is a variation of the number eight, with "ear" or "wing" that prevents the strap from "locking" or creating larks or girth hitch heads, thereby cutting the rappeller on the rope. Rescue eights are often made of steel, not aluminum.
Rappel Rack
It consists of a 'U' shaped frame, attached to the rappeller harness, where it snaps several rods that rotate from the other side of the frame. The rope is woven through as many bars as necessary to provide sufficient friction. This arrangement allows variations in the diameter and condition of the rope, as well as the level of controlled decline. Shelves are rarely used in climbing sports. Cavers often use the rack on long rappels because friction can be adjusted by adding or removing bars.
Ascenders
Asenden is a mechanical device to climb onto a rope. They are also called Jumar, after a popular brand.
Fri does the same function with the friction node but little effort is required to use it. Jumar uses a cam that allows the device to slide freely in one direction but tightly grips the rope when pulled in the opposite direction. To prevent the jumar from accidentally coming off the rope, a locking carabiner is used. The Jumar was first attached to a climber harness by a piece of webbing or sling, and then Jumar was cut off into a rope and locked. Two ascenders are usually used for climbing fixed ropes. To climb a fixed rope attached to a snow anchor on a steep slope, only one Jumar used as another hand is used to hold the ice ax.
Another type of ascender allows the strap to feed in both directions, slowly, but locked when pulled quickly. Such self-locking tools allow people to protect the solo climb because the number of strings is automatically adjusted.
Sling
A sling or runner is a climbing equipment item consisting of a tied or sewn woven circle that can be wrapped around a piece of stone, tied to other parts of the equipment or even tied directly to a tightened channel using a prusic knot, for an anchor extension (for reducing drag rope and for other purposes), equity, or climbing rope.
Daisy Chain
The daisy chain is a rope, several feet long and is usually constructed of woven nylon one inch meshes of the same type used in extending the rope between the anchor-points and the main rope. Webbing is attached at two-inch intervals (or, in the past, tied) to create a small loop length for mounting. In contrast to the use of similar devices in backpacking, daisy chains in technical rock climbing are expected to have sufficient strength to become "bearing loads". But the Daisy chain bags are not rated full strength, and can only take static loads.
When clamped, daisy chains should not be shortened by cutting in other pockets into the same carabiner. The failure of pocket stitch results in the daisy chain breaks off the anchor, with potentially fatal consequences. If it shortens the daisy chain when clamped, to eliminate dangerous slack, the second carabiner should be used to connect to the anchor.
Although daisy chains are sometimes used by free climbers as a type of sling (fast attachment used from harness directly to anchoring anchor), and for ad hoc purposes similar to a backpacker, the canonical use for a daisy chain is in climbing aid, where leaders are usually will attach one end to the harness, and the other to the topmost anchor placement (with carabiner or fifi hook), especially after riding in ÃÆ' Â © triers as high as possible. This allows leaders to hang out of the daisi chain while preparing for the next anchor placement. The close-up loop allows fine-tuning the length from the harness to the anchor, thus allowing the best possible range for subsequent placement.
The Daisy chain should not be confused with ÃÆ' Â © triers, also known as aider , which are short staircases made in the same way, but with larger loops, also used in climbing aids, or with a device load limiter. often known as screamers (from their first trade name) designed to simulate dynamic tethering.
Device protection
The protection device, collectively known as "stone protection" or "pro", provides the means to place a temporary anchor point on a rock. This device can be categorized as passive (eg, nut) or active like a spring camerber or SLCD device. Passive protection acts "only" as a choke when it is pulled, and constriction in the stone prevents it from withdrawing. Active protection changes the pull on the device into external pressure on the stone that helps the device be set stronger. The most suitable types of protection vary depending on the nature of the rock.
Nuts
Beans are produced in various varieties. In its simplest form, they are just a small metal beam attached to a rope or wire loop. They are used only by pinning them into narrow crevices in the rock, then giving them a pull to set them. Peanuts are sometimes referred to as slang, cable .
Hexes
Hexes is the oldest active form of protection. They consist of a hollow eccentric hexagonal prism with a tapered end, usually threaded with a rope or webbing. They are often placed as passive obstacles, but are more often placed in the active camming position. In a standard active placement, the fall causes the hex to rotate on its placement of exerting a sideways force on the rock in which it is placed. They are manufactured by several companies, of varying sizes varying from about 10mm thick to 100mm wide. The sides may be straight or curved.
Spring-load camming device
It consists of three or four cam mounted on a common axle or two adjacent axles, such that pulling on the shaft connected to the axle forces the cams to spread further. SLCD is used like a syringe, by pulling cams through a "trigger" (small grip) that forces them closer, inserting it into a gap or bag in the rock, and then releasing the trigger. The springs make the cams expand and hold the stone face safely. Climbing rope will probably stick at the end of the rod through sling and karabiner. SLCD is usually designed to maintain a constant camming angle with stones to ensure that the normal force provided by the cam lobe against the rock surface will provide enough friction to hold the cam in equilibrium with the stone. These devices are also known as "friends" for example, because they are in the UK.
Tricams
A Tricam is a device that can be used as active or passive protection. It consists of an aluminum block shaped attached to the length of the tape (webbing). The block was shaped so that the tape pulled it against the crack, gripping the stone more tightly. Careful placement is required in order for the "cam" not to loosen when it is not loaded. It is generally not easy to be placed or removed as an SLCD but is much cheaper and lighter, and often is the only thing that will work in situations like drill-hole drill and limestone bags. Smaller sizes can work well in old python scars, and can also be used passively as nuts.
Training tools
A wide range of equipment is used during special climb training.
Hangboard
Wooden boards or resins are used to increase contact power for climbers. It develops the muscles of the forearm along with the tendons and pulleys of the fingers.
They consist of different pockets and sized edges designed to be hung with various training protocols. The bags and the edges can range from a large jug handle to the edge of a micro crimp. When used effectively they can facilitate great gains in the strength of the forearm and lock strength, mostly in the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum of the superficial muscles of the forearm. They are also devices with the ability to injure users, usually in A1-4 pulleys or along the part of the carp flexor sheath that connects different FDS or FDP sections in the forearm.
Hangboards are a great way to increase the power of contact for rock climbers, and when adhering to a well-established training protocol, a tremendous advantage in strength can be done in the long run. Training is usually done in cycles.
Hangboards are usually installed above the threshold, or anywhere that allows the user's body to hang freely, one of the best attachment areas available is a roof beam. They are also called fingerboards .
Grip savers
Small tools that can help develop the antagonist muscle to the muscles used when holding the hand. Use of such a device can prevent ligament injuries often experienced by climbers.
Campus board
A series of horizontal rungs attached to the surface that jutted up and down without the help of the feet. When used properly, campus boards can improve finger strength and so-called "contact power".
Bachar Staircase
A bachar ladder is made by assembling a large diameter PVC pipe in the webbing and climbing without the use of the foot. This can help improve overall upper body strength as well as core strength.
Custom clothing
In the early days of climbing, many people would regard special clothing as cheating. In fact, the first climber to think of a shirt with no straps or an unbuttoned sports coat is a sign of weakness. Some climbers even choose to climb barefoot, an action that modern climbers will find extraordinary. In the 1980s and early 1990s, the trend was to wear brightly colored outfits often made from Spandex. The trend, now, is to wear more loose clothing. Trousers can be adjusted to prevent it limiting movement by adding features such as articulated knee joints and diamond crotch.
Helm
The climbing helmet is a safety equipment that mainly protects the skull against falling flakes (such as rocks or pieces of fall protection) and collision force when falling. For example, if a lead climber allows the rope to wrap behind the ankle, a fall can reverse the climber and consequently impact on the back of the head. Furthermore, any pendulum effect of a fall that has not been compensated by the belayer may also cause head injury to the climber. The risk of head injury on a falling climber can be significantly reduced by falling properly.
Climbers can decide whether to wear helmets based on a number of factors such as the type of climb being attempted, concerns about weight, agility reduction, weight gain, or simple arrogance. In addition, there are fewer incentives to wear helmets in artificial climbing environments such as indoor climbing walls (where routes and holds are maintained regularly) rather than on natural multi-pitch routes or ice climbing routes (where rocks fall and/or ice may ).
Climbing shoes
Specially designed foot mounts are usually used for climbing. To increase the claws of the foot in the wall of a cliff or cliff due to friction, the shoe is dissolved with a layer of vulcanized rubber. Usually, shoes are only a few millimeters thick and very fit around the foot. Stiffer shoes are used for "creeping", which is more suitable for "fouling". Some have foam on the heels to make offspring and rappels more comfortable. Climbing boots can be re-solved which decreases the frequency of shoes that need to be replaced.
Belay Gloves
Belay gloves are gloves made of leather or synthetic substitutes, used to protect the hands when belaying, and are very useful if using classical or body tethering. They are also very useful for controlling a belay with a single rope, leading a 9.5 mm or smaller. Ultimately, belay gloves may reduce the chance of burning rope and accidentally removing the rope.
Miscellaneous equipment
Tape
Medical records are useful for preventing and correcting minor injuries. For example, ribbons are often used to fix flapper. Many climbers use masking tape to tie their fingers or wrists to prevent recurring tendon problems. Tape is also highly desirable to protect the hands on a climbing route that consists mostly of repetitive hand disorders.
"Tape" can also refer to nylon webbing.
Haul Bag
A carrying case refers to a large, powerful, and often useless handbag which supplies and climbing equipment can be thrown. Backpacks or daily packets often have a mesh strap at the top edge.
Haul bags are often known as "pigs" because of their heavy nature.
Gear sling
Gear sling is usually used by trad (traditional), or big wall climbers when they have too many teeth to get into the gear loop from their harness. The simplest form is a homemade sling of woven; more complicated forms are filled.
Lime
Limestone is used by almost all climbers to absorb water that is problematic, often sweat, on hand. Typically, chalk is stored as a loose powder in a special lime bag designed to prevent spills, most often covered with rope. This lime bag is then hung by a carabiner from harness climbing or from a simple belt worn around the waist climber. This allows climbers to return lime during ascent with minimal disruption or effort. To prevent excessive chalking (which can actually reduce friction), some climbers will store their chalk inside a lime ball, which is then stored in a lime bag. The lime ball is a very fine mesh sack that allows the release of lime with minimum leakage when pressed so that the climber can control the amount of chalk in hand.
Limestone is most often white, and repeated use of the handle by a newly incised hand leads to calcareous formation. While this is not a problem in indoor gym settings, white chalk that accumulates in natural rocks of outdoor climbs is thought to be destructive of scenery, and many consider it a legitimate environmental/conservation issue. In the United States, the Bureau of Land Management advocates the use of lime that fits with the original stone color. Some popular climbing areas, such as Arches National Park have banned white chalk, on the contrary allow the use of colored limestone. Garden of the Gods has gone further, forbidding the most common use of calcium carbonate, requiring the use of rock substitutes. A number of companies make colored chalk or lime replacements designed to comply with these environmental preservation measures.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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