A surname , surname , or last name is part of a personal name that indicates a person's family (or tribe or community, depending on culture). Depending on the culture all members of the family unit may have identical surnames or there may be variations based on cultural rules.
In the English-speaking world, the surname is often referred to as the last name because it is usually placed at the end of a person's full name, after the given name. In many parts of Asia, as well as parts of Europe and Africa, family names are placed before a person's name. In most Spanish-speaking and Portuguese-speaking countries, two common surnames are used and in some families who claim relationships with nobles even three people are used.
The surname is not always there and today is not universal in all cultures. This tradition appears separately in different cultures around the world. In Europe, the concept of surname became popular in the Roman Empire and extended throughout the Mediterranean and Western Europe as a result. During the Middle Ages, this practice died because of the influence of Germany, Persia, and other influences. During the late Middle Ages the family name gradually reappeared, first in the form of a first name (usually indicating an individual occupation or residential area), which gradually evolved into a modern surname. In China, family names have been the norm since at least the 2nd century BC.
A surname is usually a part of a person's personal name which, by law or habit, is given or given to children of one or both of their parents' surnames. The use of common family names in most cultures around the world, with each culture having its own rules on how these names are established, authorized, and used. However, the style has a family name (surname) and a particular name (first name) is far from universal. In many cultures, it is common for people to have one name or mononim, with some cultures that do not use surnames. In most Slavic countries, as well as other countries including Greece and Iceland, for example, there are different forms of surname for male and female family members. Family name issues arise primarily in the death of names for newborn children, on adoption of common family names in marriage, on denial of surname and in the change of surname.
The clan laws vary across the world. Traditionally in many European countries over the last few hundred years, it has become customary or legal that a woman will marry using her husband's last name and that boys will have the father's surname. If the father of a child is unknown, or if the father is suspected of denying the father, the newborn will have the mother's surname. It is still customary or law in many countries. The surname for children of married parents is usually inherited from the father. In recent years there has been a tendency towards equal treatment in relation to surnames, with women not automatically required or expected, or in some places even forbidden, to take the husband's surname on marriage, and the children are not automatically given father's surname. In this article, the family name and surname both mean the patrilineal family name, which is inherited from or inherited from the father, unless explicitly stated otherwise. Thus, the term "mother's last name" means the patrilineal surname whose mother inherited from one or both of her parents. For a discussion of surname matrilineal ('mother-line'), switch from mother to daughter, see matrilineal clan.
In the English-speaking culture, surnames are often used by children when referring to adults, but are also used to refer to someone in authority, parents, or in formal settings, and are often used with degrees or honors such as Mr.., Mother, Ms, Miss, Doctor, and so on. It is also common in English speaking cultures for individuals to be referred by their surnames rather than the names given by their friends. Generally a given name, first name, first name, or personal name is the name used by friends, family, and other friends to name someone. It can also be used by someone who is in some way senior to the person being handled. This practice also differs between cultures; see the difference T-V.
The study of the right names (in the surname, personal name, or place) is called onomastics. One name study is a collection of vital and other biographical data about all people around the world who share certain family names.
Video Surname
Order name
In many cultures (especially in Europe and European culture influenced in America, Oceania, etc., as well as the Middle East, South Asia, and most African cultures), surnames or surnames ("last name") are placed after personal names, Christian (in Europe) or named ("first name"). In another culture, the family name is placed first, followed by the name or name given. The latter is often called the Eastern order because Europeans are most familiar with examples of East Asian cultural spheres, especially Japan, China and Taiwan, Korea (Korea Republic and Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and Vietnam. This also happened in Hungary, parts of Romania, Bavaria, Austria, Albania and Kosovo, parts of South India, Sri Lanka and Madagascar.
Since the surname is usually written last in European society (except in Hungary), the term last name is usually used for the surname, whereas in Japan (with vertical inscription) the family name can be referred to as the top name ( ue -no-namae ( ???? ) ).
When people from Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong write their personal names in the Latin alphabet, it is common to reverse the order of names given and family for the convenience of the West, so they know which name is the family name for formal/formal purpose. Reversing the order of names for the same reason is also a habit for the Baltic Fennic and Hungarians, but other Uralist societies have traditionally had no surnames, probably because of the clan structure of their community. The Samis did not see any change or transformation of their names. For example: some Sire become Siri, HÃÆ'Â|tta JÃÆ'¡hko? ÃÆ' sslat becomes Aslak Jacobsen HÃÆ'Â|tta - as usual. More recently, integration into the EU and increased communication with foreigners prompted many Samis to reverse the order of their full names to the names given followed by the surnames, to avoid the names given they were mistaken and used as last names.
Indian family names may often show caste, profession, and village and are always mentioned along with personal names. However, the hereditary last name is not universal. In Indian passport, the family name is displayed first. In the phone directory, the surname is used for inspection. In the North Indian state the family name is placed after being named where it exists. In the southern part of India, the family name is placed before the personal name and in many cases only shown as the beginning (eg 'S.' for Suryapeth).
In English and other languages ​​such as Spanish - although the usual sequence of names is "first middle last" - for the purpose of cataloging in libraries and in quoting the names of authors in scientific papers, orders are changed to "last, middle first," with last name and first separated by commas, and items ordered by last name. In France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, and Latin America, administrative use is to include a family name before the first in official documents.
Maps Surname
History
While given names have been used from the most remote time to identify individuals, the emergence of family names is a relatively new phenomenon. A four-year study led by the University of the West of England, which ends in 2016, analyzes sources dating from the 11th to the 19th century to explain the origins of surnames on British islands. The study found that more than 90% of the 45,602 family names in the dictionary came from England and Ireland, with the most common in England being Smith, Jones, Williams, Brown, Taylor, Johnson, and Lee. The findings have been published in the Oxford English Language English Dictionary in English and Irish, with project leader Professor Richard Coates calling this study "more detailed and accurate" than ever before. He explained about his origins; "Some family names have work-based origins - a clear example is Smith and Baker.Another names can be associated with places, such as Hill or Green, which are associated with green villages.The patronymic family names are those who were originally immortalized father's name - like Jackson, or Jenkinson.There are also names where it originally describes an original carrier like Brown, Short, or Thin - although Short may actually be an ironic nickname for a tall person.
In 1400, most of the English and some Scots used family names, but many Scots and Welshs did not adopt a surname until the 17th century, or more recently. Henry VIII (ruled 1509-1547) ordered that the birth of the marriage be recorded under the father's last name. In Britain and cultures from there, there has long been a tradition for a woman to change her last name when married from her birth name to her husband's surname. (See Maiden and married names.) The first known example in the United States of a woman who insisted on using her birth name was Lucy Stone in 1855; and there has been a general increase in the rates of women using their birth name. It has passed the period of flux, however, and the 1990s saw a decrease in the percentage of name retention among women. In 2006, more than 80% of American women adopted her husband's surname after marriage.
Many cultures have used and continue to use additional descriptive terms in identifying individuals. These terms may indicate personal attributes, location of origin, occupation, descent, patronage, adoption, or clan affiliation. This descriptor often evolves into the identification of a permanent clan which in turn becomes a family name as we know it today.
In China, according to legend, the surname began with Emperor Fu Xi in 2852 BC. Administrations standardize the naming system to facilitate censuses, and use of census information. Initially, Chinese surnames were downgraded matrilineally, though during the Shang dynasty (1600 to 1046 BC) they had become patrilineal. Chinese women do not change their names when married. They can be called either as their full name or as their husbands' surname plus a word for the wife. In the past, women's names were often unknown to the public and women were referred to in official documents with their surnames plus "Shi" characters and when married to their husbands' surnames, their surnames were born, and the character "Shi."
In Japan, family names were not common except among the aristocracy until the 19th century.
In Ancient Greece, for some periods, formal identification usually included the place of origin. Other times clan names and patronymics ("children") are also common, as in Aristides Lysimachu. For example, Alexander the Great is known as Heracleides , as the alleged Heracles descendant, and by the name of the Karanos dynasty / Caranus , which is called to the founder of the dynasty who became hers. However, none of these cases, these names are considered important parts of a person's name, nor are they explicitly inherited in a way that is common in many cultures today.
In the Roman Empire, the conferment and use of clan and family names were waxed and eliminated by changes in the various royal subcultures. See the Roman naming convention. ) Nomen, which is a gens name, inherited as a last name, but their purpose is very different. In Europe then, the last name was developed to differentiate between individuals. Nomen is to identify group kinship. The praenomen is "first name" and was originally used like the first name of the day. Later, prenomenas become less useful for distinguishing individuals as they are often inherited for men along with nomen (like the whole culture in which "John Smith, Jr. is the norm), and women, often given no preenomen in all or names functional ones such as Major and Minor ("Older" and "Younger") or Maxima, Maio, and Mino ("Largest," "Middle," "Smallest") or sequential numbers are not what we might consider to be names: Prima , Secunda, Tertia, Quarta, etc. Around this time, the nomen is followed by one or more additional names called cognomen. It has become commonplace that one of these families is inherited, but because preenomenon and nomen are becoming more rigidly used and less useful for identifying individuals, the extra personal cognomen is used more often, to the point that the former is praenomen and then the moment falls out. full use. With the gradual influence of Greek and Christian culture throughout the Empire, the names of Christianity are sometimes placed before traditional cognitions, but eventually, people return to singular names. At the time of the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century, family names were rare in the Eastern Roman Empire. In Western Europe, where German culture dominates the aristocracy, surnames are virtually non-existent. They would not reappear significantly in East Roman society until the 10th century, apparently influenced by the affiliation of the Armenian aristocratic military family. The practice of using family names spread through the Eastern Roman Empire and gradually into Western Europe, although it was not until the modern era that family names came to be inherited explicitly as it is today.
In Ireland, the use of surnames has a very old history. Ireland is the first country in Europe to use a permanent family name. As noted in the Annals, the first recorded family name is ÃÆ'â € Å"Cleirigh, who records the death of Tigherneach Ua Cleirigh, ruler of Aidhne in Galway in 916.
In the UK, the introduction of surnames was generally associated with the preparation of the Domesday Book in 1086, after the Norman conquest. The evidence shows that the surname was first adopted among the feudal lords and nobles, and slowly spread to other parts of society. Some of the early Norman nobles who arrived in Britain during the Norman conquest distinguished themselves by affixing de '(de) before their village name in France. This is what is known as the territorial family name, the consequence of feudal land ownership. In medieval France, such a name denotes divinity, or possession, of the village. Some of the earliest Norman nobles in England chose to overthrow the French descendants and call themselves after their new English ownership.
The surname was not common before the 12th century, and is still somewhat rare to the 13th; most of the European family names were originally jobs or locations, and were assigned to distinguish one person from another if they happened to live close to each other (for example, two different people named John could be imagined as 'John Butcher' and 'John Chandler'). This is still the case, in some communities where family names are very common.
In the Middle Ages, when a man from a lower-grade family married the only daughter of a higher-status family, he often adopted his wife's surname. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in England, inheritance was sometimes made to depend on someone who changed (or perpetuated) his family name, so the name of the heir continued. It is rare but unknown to English speakers to take his wife's surname, either for personal reasons or as a matter of tradition (such as among matrilineal Canadian aboriginal groups, such as Haida and Gitxsan); it is very rare but occurs in the United States, where a married couple may choose an entirely new name by means of a legal change of name. Alternatively, both partners can adopt a double-barreled name. For example, when John Smith and Mary Jones married each other, they may be known as "John Smith-Jones" and "Mary Smith-Jones". Couples may also choose to use their birth name as the middle name. An additional option, though rarely done, is the adoption of a last name derived from a mixture of previous names, such as "Simones", which also requires a valid name change. Some couples store their own last names but give their children a hyphenated or combined name.
In medieval Spain, patronymic systems were used. For example, ÃÆ' lvaro, Rodrigo's son will be named ÃÆ' lvaro RodrÃÆ'guez. His son, Juan, will not be named Juan RodrÃÆ'guez, but Juan ÃÆ' lvarez. Over time, many of these patronymics became family names and are some of the most common names in the Spanish-speaking world. Other sources of surnames are personal appearances or habits, eg. Delgado ("thin") and Moreno (polysemus word, it could mean "brown," "dark skin," "brown-skinned", "brunette hair" or "black hair"); jobs such as Molinero ("miller"), Zapatero ("shoemaker") and Guerrero ("warrior"); and geographical or ethnic location, e.g. AlemÃÆ'¡n ("Germany").
Modern era
During the modern era, many cultures around the world adopted family names, primarily for administrative reasons, especially during the age of European expansion and especially since 1600. Notable examples include the Netherlands (1795-1811), Japan (1870s), Thailand (1920 )), and Turkey (1934). Nonetheless, its use is not universal: Iceland, Tibet, Burma, Java, and many groups of people in East Africa do not use surnames.
The surname is sometimes changed or replaced by a non-family-name surname under political pressure to avoid persecution. An example is the case with Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Thai after migration there during the 20th century, or Jews who fled to various European countries to escape the persecution of the Nazis during World War II.
The United States follows the practice of naming and practicing law and the common traditions of England to date. Beginning in the second half of the 20th century, traditional naming practices, writing one commentator, are recognized as "com [ing] into conflict with current sensitivity about the rights of children and women." The change accelerates the shift from the interests of the parents to the focus on the best interests of the child. Laws in this field continue to grow today especially in the context of paternity and custody actions.
After marriage with a woman, men in the United States can easily change their surnames into wives, or adopt a combination of both names with the federal government, through the Social Security Administration. Men may face difficulties to do so at the state level in some states. In some places, civil rights lawsuits or constitutional amendments change the law so men can also easily change their marriage names (for example, in British Columbia and California). QuÃÆ' Â © bec law does not allow spouse to change surname.
UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
In 1979, the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (â € Å"CEDAWâ €), which states that women and men, and especially wives and husbands, must have the right to choose "family name", as well as profession and occupation. For further explanation of and treatment of this Convention, see Matriname.
In France, until January 1, 2005, children are required by law to take their father's last name. Articles 311-21 of the Criminal Code now allow parents to give their surnames either father, mother, or cessation of both - though no more than two names may be hyphenated. In the case of disputes, the father's name applies. This brought France into line with the 1978 declaration by the Council of Europe which obliged member governments to take steps to adopt equal rights in the transmission of family names, a measure echoed by the United Nations in 1979. Similar measures adopted by West Germany (1976), Sweden (1982), Denmark (1983) and Spain (1999). The European Community has been active in eliminating gender discrimination. Some cases of discrimination in the surname have reached the court. Burghartz vs Switzerland challenges the lack of choice for husbands to add their surnames to their last names, which they choose as their surnames, when this option is available to women. Losonci Rose and Rose v. Switzerland challenged the ban on foreign men marrying Swiss women who retained their surnames if this option was granted in their national law, an option available to women. Unal Tekeli v. Turkey opposes a ban on women who use their surnames as surnames, the option is only available to men. The Court ruled that all of these laws violate the Convention.
Typology
Only a small part of the family name in English-speaking countries around the world comes from the UK. The names of English-speaking families come from all parts of Europe, as well as other continents, with different anglizations. With few exceptions, European language is the same language, so most European surnames have the same etymological origin. Some family names are monogenetic (coming from one family in a particular place and time); the other is polygenetic (created independently in different places and times).
Basil Cottle classifies European surnames under four broad categories, depending on their origin: given names (patronymics), job names, local names (toponymics), and nicknames. This classification can be extended to a surname that originated elsewhere. Other name etymologists use a more complete classification, but these four types underlie them.
Derived from the given name
This is the oldest and most common type of surname. They may be first names like "Wilhelm", a patronymic like "Andersen", a matronymic like "Beaton", or a clan name like "O'Brien". Many family names can come from a given name: e.g. it is estimated there are more than 90 Italian surnames based on the name given "Giovanni".
The Icelandic system, previously used in many Scandinavians, does not use surnames. The last name of a person shows their father's first name (patronymic) or in some cases the mother (matronymic). Many common family names in other Scandinavian countries are the result of this naming practice, such as Hansen (son of Hans), Johansen (son of Johan) and Olsen (Ole/Ola's son), the three most common surnames in Norway. This also occurs in other cultures: Spanish and Portuguese (LÃÆ'³pez or Lopes, son of Lope; ÃÆ' lvarez or ÃÆ' lvares, son of ÃÆ' lvaro; DomÃÆ'nguez or Domingues, son of Domingo or Domingos; etc.); in English (Johnson, son of John, Richardson, son of Richard), etc.
The patronymic name convention is similar in some other countries, including Malaysia (see Malaysia) and other Muslim countries, among the majority of people from the states of Tamil Nadu and Kerala (unlike other Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, where names village ancestors have become a surname) for people), in Mongolia and in the Scottish Gaelic personal naming system. In Russia and Bulgaria, both patronymic and family names are a mandatory part of a person's full name: e.g. if a Russian is called Ivan Andreyevich Sergeyev, it means that his father's name is Andrey and his family's name is Sergeyev. Similar systems are used in Greece.
In Ethiopia and Eritrea, a child adopts a given name from one of their parents, usually a father, as a pseudonym. For example, the first name of Abraham Mesfin's father is Mesfin, while son of Abraham Mesfin may be called "Netsanet Abraham". Just as in Iceland, referring to Abraham Mesfin as "Mr. Mesfin" would be mistaken: the correct term is "Mr. Abraham". Very rarely children adopt their mother's given name, which in any case will retain their "pseudo-surname".
As part of the name of the Hebrew patronim, Ben is followed by the father's name, eg Ben Adam (Abraham: span lang = "he" dir = "rtl"> ???? ?) Or Abraham ben Abraham. Bar-, "child of" in Aramaic, is used also, eg. Meir Bar-Ilan. Ben (Hebrew: ???? ?, child of ) is also part of the Hebrew name, e.g. Benjamin.
There are various kinds of family name affixes with patronymic function. Some prefix (e.g., Gaelic mac ) but more suffixes.
Working family name
Job names include simple examples such as Smith (for blacksmith), Miller (for milling), Farmers (for tax farmers or sometimes farmers) Thatcher (for butcher), Shepherd (for shepherds), Potter (for potter), and so on, as well as non-English , such as the German Eisenhauer (iron hewer, then Anglicized in America as Eisenhower) or Schneider (tailor) - or, as in English, < i> Schmidt (smith). There are also more complicated names based on position. In the UK it is common for employees to take a modified version of their employer's job or first name as their last name, adding the letters s to the word, although this formation can also be patronymic. For example, the family name Vickers is considered to have appeared as a job name adopted by a vicar, while Roberts may be adopted by his son or servant. a guy named Robert. Some work names in English are names that are considered to come from medieval mystery dramas. Participants often play the same role for life, handing that part to their eldest son. Names derived from this may include King , Lord and Virgin . The original meaning of the name based on medieval work may no longer be evident in modern English (so the surname Cooper, Chandler, and Cutler comes from work manufacture of barrels, candles, and cutlery, respectively).
Example
Pemanah , Bailey , Baker , Brewer , Tukang Daging , Tukang Kayu , Carter , Chandler , Clark atau Clarke , Collier , < i> Cooper , Masak , Dempster , Dyer , Petani , Faulkner i>, Fisher , Fletcher , Fowler , Fuller , Gardener , Glover , Hayward , Hawkins , Kepala , Berburu atau Pemburu , Hakim , Knight , Mason , Miller , Mower , Page , Palmer , Parker , Porter , Potter , Reeve atau Reeves , Sawyer , Slater , Smith , Stringer , Taylor , Thatcher , Turner , Walker , Weaver , Woodman dan Wright (atau variasi seperti Cartwright dan Wainwright ).
Nama keluarga toponim
The location name (toponym, residence) comes from the occupied location associated with the person named it. Such locations can be any type of settlement, such as: homestead, farm, enclosure, village, hamlet, camp or cottage. One element of the residence name may describe the type of settlement. Examples of Old English elements are often found in the second element of the custom name. The habitat elements in these names may differ in the sense, according to different periods, different locations, or with use with certain other elements. For example, the Old English element t? N may originally mean "cage" in one name, but can mean "farmhouse", "village", "manor", or "treasure" in other names.
The name of the location, or the name of the residence, may be generic like "Monte" (Portuguese for "mountain"), "GÃÆ'³rski" (Polish for "hill") or "Pitt" ("hole" variants), but may also refer to specific locations. "Washington," for example, is considered to mean "Wassa family house", while "Lucci" means "resident of Lucca". Although some of the family names, such as "London", "Lisboa" or "Bia? Ystok" are from big cities, more people reflect the names of smaller communities, as in ÃÆ' "Creachmhaoil, originally from a village in County Galway This was thought to be due to the tendency in Europe during the Middle Ages to migrate to mainly from smaller communities to cities and the need for newcomers to choose a decisive family name.
In Portuguese speaking countries, it is not uncommon to find family names derived from the names of countries, such as Portugal, FranÃÆ'§a, Brazil, Holanda.
Many Japanese family names are derived from geographic features; for example, Ishikawa (??) means "river of stone", Yamamoto (??) means "mountain base", and Inoue (??) means "above the well".
Arabic names sometimes contain a family name indicating the city of origin. For example, in the cases of Saddam Hussein al-Tikriti, which means that Saddam Hussein is from Tikrit, a city in Iraq. This name component is called ratio .
- Name of residence for example, Burton , Hamilton , London , Leighton , Murray , Sutton , Flint , Laughton
- Property name For those from landlords, their ownership name, castle, manor, or estate, e.g. Ernle , Windsor , Staunton
- Topographic names (geographic features) eg, Bridge , Camp , Hill , Bush , Lake , Lee , Wood , Grove , Holmes , < i> Forest , Underwood , Hall , Brooks , Field , Stone , Morley , Moore , Perry
Derived from a nickname
This is the most extensive class of surnames, which includes many types of origin. These include names, also known as eke-names, based on appearances such as "Schwartzkopf", "Short", and possibly "Caesar", and names based on temperaments and personalities such as "Daft", "Gutman", and "Maiden" according to some sources, is an English nickname which means "effeminate".
- Personal characteristics for example, Short , Chocolate , Black , Whitehead , Young , Long , White
Decorative family name
The ornamental names used as family names were more common in communities that adopted (or were forced to adopt) surnames in the 18th and 19th centuries. They generally occurred among Jewish, German, and Scandinavian families. Examples include "Morgenstern" ("morning star"), "Safire" ("sapphire"), and "Reis" ("branch"). In some cases, like Chinese Indonesians and Chinese Thai, certain ethnic groups are subject to political pressure to change their family names, in this case the last name may lose the meaning of their surname. For example, Indonesian business tycoon Liem Swie Liong (???) "meradishkan" his name became Sudono Salim. In this case "Liem" (?) Translated by "Salim", the Arabic origin, while "Sudono", a Javanese name with the prefix of "su-" (origin of Sanskrit), should be rendered from "Swie Liong".
During the era of the Trans-Atlantic slave trade many Africans lost their real names and were forced by their owners to take the owner's family name and any name given the "owner" or slave master desired. In America, the family names of many African-Americans have their origins in slavery (slave name ). Many of them came to bear the surnames of their former owners. Many freed slaves created their own surnames or adopted their master's name before. Sex-only version
In some cultures, such as Greek, Bulgarian, Russian, Slovak, Czech, etc. The surname changes shape depending on the gender of the carrier. For example, in Greece, if a man named Papadopoulos has a daughter, he is likely to be named Papadopoulou (if the couple decides that their offspring will use his last name), since the name has a female version. In Poland, if her husband is named Podwi? Ski, and his wife using her last name, her last name, and their unmarried daughters, are Podwi? Ska. The sons will be known as Podwi? Skiing. In Lithuania, if her husband is Vilkas, his wife will be named Vilkien? and his daughter will be named Vilkait ?. In Slovakia and Czech Republic alike, if a man is called Novák, his wife adds the feminine ending "-ovÃÆ'¡" to her family name after marriage, then NovÃÆ'¡kovÃÆ'¡. The same is true for girls, who almost always inherit the father's family name with a feminine suffix.
More
The meaning of some names is unknown or unclear. The most common European name in this category is probably the Irish name "Ryan", which means little king in Irish Gaelic. Other surnames may come from more than one source: the name "De Luca", for example, may appear at or near Lucania or in the family of a man named Lucas or Lucius; in some cases, however, names may emerge from Lucca, with spelling and pronunciation changing over time and with emigration. The same name may appear in a different culture by chance or romanization; surname Lee is used in British culture, but it is also a romanization of the Chinese surname Li . The origin of the original name has been the subject of many people's etymologies.
In French Canada until the 19th century, some families adopted surnames that followed the surname to distinguish the various branches of the extended family. Such a family name is preceded by the word "dit" ("word") and is known as "nom-dit" ("word-name"). (Compare with some Roman naming conventions.) While this tradition is no longer used, in many cases nom-dit has replaced the original family name. So the Bourbeau family had broken into Bourbeau dit Verville, Bourbeau dit Lacourse, and Bourbeau dit Beauchesne. In many cases, Verville, Lacourse, or Beauchesne have become a new family name. Likewise, Rivard's family has been split into Rivard dit Lavigne, Rivard dit Loranger and Rivard left Lanoie. The origin of nom-dit may vary. Often it shows the geographical features of the area in which the family branches live: Verville lives toward town, Beauchesne lives near the oak tree, LariviÃÆ'¨re near the river, etc. Some of the oldest noms-dits came from the name of the war of a settler who served in the army or militia: Tranchemontagne ("mountain slasher"), Jolicoeur ("braveheart"). Others show personal traits: Lacourse may be a fast runner, Legrand may be tall, etc.
Compound family name
While the surname is usually one word, in some cases the surname consists of more than one word.
Spanish Spanish plural compound
In traditional Spanish culture, and as is still the case in many Spanish-speaking countries, an individual not only has one family name. Instead, an individual inherits the surname of all their ancestors, especially their father and mother. In practice, most people only use two surnames from their parents. For example, the former Prime Minister of Spain Josà ©  © Luis RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero has Josà ©  Luis as the given name, RodrÃÆ'guez, as the first family name (i.e. paternal), and Zapatero as the second surname (ie the mother). But in reality an individual may be referred by some of their surnames as opportunities that may be required. For example, RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero can also be referred to as
- JosÃÆ'Â Â © Luis RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero GarcÃÆ'a Valero GarcÃÆ'a Asensio
Additional surnames refer to grandmother, great-grandmother, and so on. The number of surnames a person possesses is theoretically unlimited although rarely uses more than a few (and indeed an individual may not know more than some of his ancestor's names).
This habit is not seen in the Hispanic world as a true multiple compound system, because it is widely understood that the first family name indicates a father's family, and the second family name indicates the family of one's mother. Thus "RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero" is not considered a name; it is two different surnames. Given that it was not a true compound family name, her children did not inherit the "last name" name "RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero." Only father's name from father and mother inherited. The father's father's last name becomes the father's own last name, while the mother's last name is the last name of the second child (as the mother's own surname). Thus, Josà ©  © Luis RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero will only deliver RodrÃÆ'guez to his children as their first surname (ie father).
Additional complications are introduced by marriage. RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero's wife was born Sonsoles Espinosa DÃÆ'az. Under the Spanish tradition he is still known by that name, even after marriage. But he might as well be known as
- Sonsoles Espinosa DÃÆ'az de RodrÃÆ'guez
- Sonsoles Espinosa de RodrÃÆ'guez
- Sonsoles de RodrÃÆ'guez
Other forms, especially the latter, become less common as they are increasingly seen as sexist (ie a wife is expected to take the name of her husband but not vice versa). In addition, in Spain and some other countries became more common, in law and in practice, to allow placing the mother's name before the father with the surname of the child rather than insisting that the privilege belongs exclusively to the father.
Compound family names are correct
Beyond this apparently "plural" family name system in the Hispanic world, there are also multiple plural names in Spanish-speaking countries. The family names of these true compounds are inherited and inherited as compounds. For example, the former General Military Chief of the Junta from Ecuador, General Luis Telmo Paz y MiÃÆ'Â ± o Estrella, has Luis as his first name, Telmo as his middle name, the original compound named Paz y MiÃÆ'Â ± o as his first work (ie paternal) surname, and Estrella as the second surname (ie mother).
Luis Telmo Paz y MiÃÆ' Â ± o Estrella is also known to be more relaxed like Luis Paz y MiÃÆ' Â ± o, Telmo Paz y MiÃÆ' Â ± o, or Luis Telmo Paz y MiÃÆ' Â ± o. He will never be regarded as Luis Estrella, Telmo Estrella, or Luis Telmo Estrella, or like Luis Paz, Telmo Paz, or Luis Telmo Paz. This is because "Paz" itself is not her last name (even though someone else uses her own "Paz" name).
In this case, Paz y MiÃÆ' Â ± o is actually the father's last name, becoming a true compound family name. His sons, therefore, will inherit the "Paz y MiÃÆ' Â ± o" compound clan as their father's last name, while Estrella will disappear, since the mother's last name becomes the surname of both children (as their own surname). "Paz" alone will not be forwarded, or "MiÃÆ' Â ± o" itself.
To avoid ambiguity, one may often informally see the family names of these compounds hyphenated, for example, as Paz-y-MiÃÆ' Â ± o. This is especially true in the English-speaking world, but also sometimes even in the Hispanic world, since for many Hispanics unaccustomed to this and other compound family names, "Paz y MiÃÆ' Â ± o" may be inadvertently mistaken as "Paz" for the father's surname and "MiÃÆ' Â ± o" for the mother's surname. Although MiÃÆ'Â Â ± started as the mother's last name in this plural family name, it was several generations ago, about five centuries, that it became aggravated, and subsequently inherited and inherited as a compound.
Other surnames that started as a combination of two or more surnames, but merged into one word, also exist. An example is the name of the PazmiÃÆ' Â ± o family, whose members are linked to Paz y MiÃÆ' Â ± o, as both descend from the "Paz MiÃÆ' Â ± o" family five centuries ago.
ÃÆ' lava, Spain is known for the incidence of true compound family names, is characterized to have the first part of the family name as patronymic, typically Spanish patronymic (ie from the Castilian language) or more remarkable Basque patronymic languages, followed by the "de" preposition, both of the surnames become the local toponym names of ÃÆ' lava.
English plural family name
Compound family names in English and several other European cultures feature two (or sometimes more) words, often combined with hyphens or hyphens. However, it is not uncommon for compound family names consisting of separate words unrelated to hyphens, eg Iain Duncan Smith, former leader of the Conservative Party of England, whose family name is "Duncan Smith". Last name with the prefix "Fitz" can be spelled with a prefix as a separate word, as in "Fitz William", as well as "FitzWilliam" or "Fitzwilliam".
Combined Scottish and Irish surnames
The Irish family name is the oldest family name in Europe. The general prefix "ÃÆ'" "and" Mac "can be spelled with a prefix as a separate word, resulting in" ÃÆ' "Briain" or "Mac Millan" as well as "O'Brien" and "MacMillan" or "Macmillan". "
Culture and prevalence
In the United States, 1,712 surnames account for 50% of the population, and about 1% of the population has the surname Smith, which is also the most common English name and job name ("metal worker"), contractions, for example, blacksmiths or other metal craftsmen. Some American surnames are the result of corruption or phonetic abuse of European surnames, possibly as a result of the registration process at the point of entry of immigration. Spelling and pronunciation of names remain liquid in the United States until the Social Security System applies standardization.
About 70% of Canadians have a surname that comes from English, Irish, French, or Scottish derivatives.
According to some estimates, 85% of China's population has only 100 surnames. The names Wang, Zhang and Li are the most frequent.
Spanish-speaking world
In Spain and in most Spanish-speaking countries, the habit is for people to have two surnames. Usually the first surname comes from the father and the second from the mother, but can also vice versa. When speaking or in informal situations only the first one is used, although both are required for legal purposes. The child's first family name is usually their father's first surname, while the two children's first name is usually the mother's first name. For example, if JosÃÆ'Â © GarcÃÆ'a Torres and MarÃÆ'a Acosta GÃÆ'³mez had a son named Pablo, then his full name was Pablo GarcÃÆ'a Acosta. A relationship of family members to another can often be identified by the various combinations and permutations of the surname.
In some instances, when the names given by individuals and first surnames are too general (as in JosÃÆ'Â © Luis RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero and Mario Vargas Llosa), both surnames are used (though not necessarily both named). One can even take the mother's name for an informal situation rather than a father's name, for personal preference or if the mother's name is somehow "special" (JosÃÆ'Â © LuÃÆ's RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero known in Spain as "JosÃÆ'Ã… © Luis Zapatero" or just like "Zapatero"). In Spain, a new law approved in 1999 allows adults to change the order of their family names, and parents can also change the order of the surnames of their children if they (and children, if more than 12) agree.
In Spain, especially Catalonia, the last names of fathers and mothers are often combined using conjunctions y ("and" in Spanish) or i ("and" in Catalan), see such as economist Xavier Sala-i-Martin or painter Salvador DalÃÆ' i DomÃÆ'¨nech.
In Spain, a woman does not change her legal family name when she marries. In some Spanish-speaking countries in Latin America, a woman can, at her marriage, drop her surname and add her husband's surname to his father's surname using the first word de ("of"), del ("from", when the following words are masculine) or de la ("from", when the following word is feminine). For example, if "Clara Reyes Alba" is married to "Alberto GÃÆ'³mez RodrÃÆ'guez", the wife can use "Clara Reyes de GÃÆ'³mez" as her name (or "Clara Reyes GÃÆ'³mez", or, rarely, "Clara GÃÆ'³mez Reyes. "He can be called as Sra De GÃÆ'³mez corresponding to" Mrs. GÃÆ'³mez "). In some countries, this form may be largely social and not an official name change, ie its name is still legally the name of its birth. The habit of adding this husband's surname slowly faded.
Sometimes a father transmits the names of his combined family, thus creating a new one eg, the last name of the father of the son of Javier (the name given) Reyes (father's surname) < i>> de la Barrera (mother's last name) can be the new dad's family name Reyes de la Barrera . De is also a noble particle used with a Spanish surname. This can not be chosen by the person, because this is part of the family name, for example "Puente" and "Del Puente" is not the same name.
Children take the surnames of both parents, so if the above couple have two children named "AndrÃÆ'Ã… © s" and "Ana", then their names are "AndrÃÆ'Â © s GÃÆ'³mez Reyes" and "Ana GÃÆ'³mez Reyes". In Spain, the 1995 reform in law allows parents to choose whether the surname of the father or mother be the first, although this order should be the same for all of their children. For example, the name of the son of the couple in the above example may be "AndrÃÆ'Â © s GÃÆ'³mez Reyes" or "AndrÃÆ' Â © s Reyes GÃÆ'³mez". Sometimes, for a single mother or when a father will or can not recognize a child, the mother's surname has been used twice: for example, "Ana Reyes Reyes". In Spain, however, children with only one parent receive both surnames from the parent, although the order can also be changed. In 1973 in Chile, the law was changed to avoid the stigmatization of illegitimate children with repeat family names.
Some Hispanics, having left their country, dropped their surnames, even if not officially, making it more suitable to the non-Hispanic community they live in or work in. Dropping a father's surname is not unusual when it is a very common one. For example, painter Pablo Ruiz Picasso and Spanish Prime Minister Josà ©  © Luis RodrÃÆ'guez Zapatero is known by their surnames as "Picasso" and "Zapatero". Similarly, Anglophones with only one family name may be required to give a second name to official documents in Spanish-speaking countries. When none (like the mother's maiden name) is provided, the last name can be repeated.
Traditionally in most countries, and currently in some Spanish-speaking countries, women, after marriage, have their own surnames. It was considered rude to his family because a woman changed his name. The upper class women of Cuba and Spain have traditionally never changed their names. In certain rare situations, a woman can be addressed with the father's last name followed by the name of her husband's husband's family associated with de . For example, a woman named Ana GarcÃÆ'a DÃÆ'az , after marrying Juan Guerrero Macaas , can be called Ana GarcÃÆ'a de Guerrero . This custom, begun in medieval times, decays and has only legal validity in the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras, Peru, Panama, and to some extent in Mexico (where it is optional but becomes obsolete), but favored by people people in Spain, Cuba, and elsewhere. In Peru and the Dominican Republic, women usually preserve all surnames after marriage. For example, if Rosa MarÃÆ'a PÃÆ' Â © rez MartÃÆ'nez marries Juan MartÃÆ'n De la Cruz GÃÆ'³mez, he will be called Rosa MarÃÆ'a PÃÆ'Â © rez MartÃÆ'nez de De la Cruz , and if the husband dies, he will be called Rosa MarÃÆ'a PÃÆ' Â © rez MartÃÆ'nez Vda. de la la Cruz (Vda is an abbreviation for viuda , "widow" in Spanish). The law in Peru changed several years ago, and all married women can keep their girl's last name if they want without change.
In some churches, such as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, where the family structure is emphasized, and legitimate marriage, the wife is referred to as "hermana " [sister] plus her husband's last name. And most church records follow that structure as well.
The new trend in the United States for Hispanics is to hyphenate their father's and mother's last names. This is done because native English-born English speakers are unaware of Hispanic habits using two last names and thus the first first name mistake of the individual for the middle name. Thus they would, for example, mistakenly refer to Esteban ÃÆ' lvarez Cobos as Esteban A. Cobos. Such confusion can be very troublesome in formal matters. To avoid such mistakes, Esteban ÃÆ' lvarez Cobos, will become Esteban ÃÆ' lvarez-Cobos, to clarify that both are last names.
In Spanish villages in Catalonia, Galicia, and Asturias and in Cuba, people are often known by their family nicknames or collective families rather than by their surnames. For example, Remei Pujol i Serra who lives in Ca l'Elvira will be referred to as "Remei de Ca l'Elvira"; and Adela Barreira LÃÆ'³pez which is part of the "Provisores" family will be known as "Adela dos Provisores". In the case of Cantabria a family nickname is used instead of a surname: if one family is known as "ÃÆ'''fos" because of an ancestor known as "ÃÆ'''u", they will become "JosÃÆ'Â Ã… © el de ÃÆ' 'ecu" or " Ana la de ÃÆ'''ecu "(collective: ÃÆ''eco's). Some common nicknames are "Rubiu" (blonde or ginger hair), "Roju" (reddish, as is meant by ginger hair), "Chiqui" (small), "Jinchu" (large), and many names about certain characteristics, relationships family or geographical origin (pasiegu, masoniegu, sobanu, llebaniegu, tresmeranu, pejinu, naveru, merachu, tresneru, troule, mallavia, marotias, llamoso, lipa, ÃÆ' Â ± ecu, tarugu, trapajeru, lichÃÆ'³n, andarÃÆ'vel).
Portuguese-speaking countries
In the case of Portuguese naming habits, the main surname (used in alphasorting, indexing, abbreviations, and greetings), last appeared.
Everyone usually has two surnames: although the law imposes no order, the first is usually a maternal family name, while the last is generally the father's family name. In Portugal, a person's full name has a legal minimum of two names (one given name and one surname from one parent) and a maximum of six names (two first names and four surnames - he may have up to four family names in what order also wanted taken from the total family name of parents and grandparents). The use of a family name outside this lot, or more than six names, is legally possible, but it requires dealing with bureaucracy. The parent or the person himself should explain the claim that they should carry the last name (a family nickname, a rare family name missing in the previous generation, or any other reason that might be appropriate). In Brazil no family name restrictions are used.
In general, the traditions that followed in countries like Brazil, Portugal, and Angola are somewhat different from those in Spain. In the Spanish tradition, usually the father's family name comes first, followed by the mother's family name, whereas in Portuguese-speaking countries the father's name is the last, the mother who comes first. A woman can adopt the surname of her husband (s), but nevertheless she usually keeps her birth name, or at least the latter. Since 1977, a husband can also adopt the surname of his wife. When this happens, usually both partners change their name after marriage.
The habit of a woman changed her name when married recently. It spread in the late nineteenth century in the upper classes, under French influence, and in the 20th century, especially during the 1930s and 1940s, became almost socially obligatory. Today, fewer women adopt, even officially, their husbands' names, and among those who do so officially, it is very common not to use them either in their professional or informal lives.
For children, some only bear the last family name of the parents. For example, Carlos da Silva GonÃÆ'§alves and Ana LuÃÆ'sa de Albuquerque Pereira (GonÃÆ'§alves) (if she adopts her husband's name after marriage) will have a child named Lucas Pereira GonÃÆ'§alves . However, the child may have other combinations of parents' last names, according to eufoni, social significance or other reasons.
In ancient times patronymic was commonly used - surnames like GonÃÆ'§alves ("children of GonÃÆ'§alo "), Fernandes (" male Fernando "), Nunes (" son of Nuno "), Soares (" child of Soeiro "), Sanches (" son of Sancho "), Henriques (" son of Henrique "), Rodrigues (" son of Rodrigo ") which along with many others is still used regularly as a very common family name.
In the Middle Ages, the Portuguese nobles began to use one of their names or names of towns or villages they decided to name their families, right after their patronymic. Soeiro Mendes da Maia gave birth to the name "Soeiro", a "Mendes" ("son of Hermenegildo - abbreviated Mendo") and the name of the city he controlled "Maia". He is often referred to in 12th century documents as "Soeiro Mendes, senhor da Maia", Soeiro Mendes, ruler of Maia. Noblewomen also gave birth to patronymics and surnames in the same way and never bore the names of their husbands. The first born men have their father's surname, other children give birth either or just one of them as they wish.
Only during the Early Modern Century, lower-class men began using at least one family name; married to lower-class women usually take their partner's surname, because they rarely ever use one before. After the Lisbon earthquake of 1755, the Portuguese government recognized the benefits of enforcing the use and registration of family names. From then on, they become compulsory, although the rules for their use are very liberal.
Until the end of the 19th century it was common for women, especially those from very poor backgrounds, to have no surnames and only be known by their first names. A woman will then adopt her husband's full name after marriage. With the advent of republicanism in Brazil and Portugal, along with the civil registry, all children now have family names. During the mid-20th century, under the influence of France and among the upper classes, women began to take their husband's surname (s). From 1960 onwards, this usage spread to the general public, once again under French influence, this time, however, due to the adoption of a strong law of the husband's family name imposed on a Portuguese immigrant woman in France.
Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, the adoption of their husbands 'husbands' names has again diminished, and today both adoption and non-adoption take place, with non-adoption selected in most cases in recent years (60%). Also, it is legally possible for a husband to adopt the surname of his wife (s), but this practice is rare.
The Brazilians usually call people only with names given, disregarding surnames, even in many formal situations, such as in a press referring to authorities, such as "Former President Fernando Henrique", never Former President Cardoso, or even "Former President Lula "(" Lula "is actually his nickname). When formality or prefix requires a surname, the given name usually precedes the surname, e.g. JoÃÆ'Â £ o Santos , or Sr. JoÃÆ'Â £ o Santos .
Common family name by ethnic group
Assyrian
The Assyrians are a distinct ethnic group, mostly descendants of the ancient Assyrian population, native to Mesopotamia with roots in the Middle East, especially Iraq today, northwestern Iran, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey.
The surname comes from Akkadian influenced by the Eastern Aramaic dialect of the Assyrian people (Chaldo-Assyrian). Some family names are connected to Christian Syrian Christian Rites, the Assyrian religion currently follows and has been following since the 1st century, with others derived from the origins of native Assyrians/Mesopotamians.
Abo , Abraham , Abro , Agajan , Agassi , Alamasha , Alawerdy , Aghase Akkad Akbalit/Akbalut > Amma , Antar, Aprim , Apshu Asharian , , Afarcan Arad > Awur , Awik , Awishalim , Awitor , Awi > Bacaco , The Bacchus Barkha , Brikha Bronit , Balou , Barkoo Bidavid , Bidawid , Bishu , > Daoud , Dayan/Dadasho Daian Disho Duman , Elia Elias Enwia Eshai Farhad Gorges/Georgis , Gewargis , Source of the article : Wikipedia
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