Tribal chief

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A tribal chief is the leader of a tribal or tribal community.

Video Tribal chief

Description

Tribal societies with social stratification under a single (or dual) leader appeared in the Neolithic period of the previous tribal structure with little stratification, and they remained common throughout the Iron Age.

In the case of tribal peoples existing in the larger colonial and postcolonial states, chieftains may represent their ethnic or ethnicity in the form of self-government.

The most common type is the chairman of the council (usually of the "elders") and/or the wider popular assembly in the "parliamentary" culture, the war chief (possibly an alternative or additional post in wartime), hereditary heads and dominant medical officers politically (in "theocratic" culture).

This term usually differs from the lower tribal chiefs, such as village heads (geographically defined) or clan chiefs (an essentially genealogical idea), since descriptive "tribes" require more ethno-cultural (racial, linguistic, religious etc.) as well as some political expression (representative, legislative, executive and/or judicial). In certain situations, and especially in the colonial context, the most powerful member of the tribal confederation or federation, clan or village chief will be called the most important leader. The term is largely out of use, and such characters are now often called kings.

A woman holding a chieftain in her own right or who takes one from her marriage to a male head has been referred to alternatively as a chieftainess , a chieftess or, especially in the former case , a head .

Maps Tribal chief

History

Anthropologist Elman Service distinguishes two stages of tribal society: simple societies organized by limited instances of social rank and prestige, and more storied societies led by tribal chiefs or tribal elders (tribal chiefs). Historically, tribal societies were a transitional stage between the Paleolithic stage band community and civilization with the central, super-regional government based in the cities. The tribal tribal society led by tribal monarchs flourished from the Neolithic stage to the Iron Age, though in competition with civilization and empire that began in the Bronze Age. An important source of information for the Iron Age community was the Greco-Roman ethnography, which depicted the tribal society that surrounded the imperialist and urban civilizations of the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, tribal kingdoms were once again established in much of Europe after the Migration period. In the High Middle Ages, this re-united into a super-regional monarchy.

Tribal societies also remain common in most of the New World, except for the Paleolithic or Mesolithic bands in Oceania and in some parts of Sub-Saharan Africa. The Europeans forced the centralized government into this society during colonialism, but in some ways they retained or regained some of their own.

Certain tribal heads

America

• King of Afro Bolivia
• lonco (mapudungun: longko, "head") among Mapuche
• Morubixaba - the Cacique tribe (head) of the Tupi
• Oubutu (among the Kalinago in the southern Caribbean)
• Rajiv (among the important people in Trinidad)
• Tyee, a Chinookan community chief
• Cacique is used among the Taino Nations in the Caribbean islands, then uses Spanish to refer to all the tribal chiefs they meet: CuauhtÃÆ' Â © moc, Tecun Uman, Tenamaxtli, Atlacatl, Lempira, Nicarao (cacique), Tupac Amaru II
• Sachem of the leadership of the Algonquian State in New England today

Sub-Saharan Africa

• Eze (Ibo people from Nigeria)
• Gbong Gwon Jos (from Berom people in Nigeria)
• Kgosi (among the Tsotsians of Botswana and South Africa)
• Mogho Naba (in Burkina Faso's Ouagadougou region)
• Nkosi (Zulu, Ndebele and Xhosa, South Africa and Zimbabwe)
• Oba (also in Nigeria, with various holders of Yoruba and Bini claiming the direct descendants of the goddess Oduduwa).
• Obai (Temne people from Sierra Leone)
• Omanhene (among the Akan tribes from Ghana)
• Orkoiyot (Nandi people in Kenya)
• Sarkin (in Hausaland region of Niger and Nigeria)
• Obong (Efik from Calabar in Southern Nigeria)

Oceania & amp; Southeast Asia

• Ali? me and Ali? I nui are tribal chiefs and tall Hawaiian island chiefs
• Ariki, 'ariki henua
• The class-taking system from northern Vanuatu
• Ibedul
• Iroijlaplap
• Matai , in the Samoan fa'amatai system
• Nahnmwarki (Pohnpei), Lepen Palikir
• Rangatira, an M head? ori in New Zealand
• Ratu, Head of Fiji, Malay to Queen
• Datu, Malay and Filipino Chief

The modern state or territory provides an organized form of tribal chiefs

Arabia

The Arabs, especially the Arabs and the nomadic Bedouins, were largely organized in tribes, many of whom had official representation in government. Chiefs are known as Sheikhs, although this term is also sometimes applied as a title of honor to spiritual leaders of Sufism.

Bolivia

The Afro-Bolivian, a recognized ethnic constituency of Bolivia, is led by a king whose title is also recognized by the Bolivian government.

Botswana

In Botswana, ruling leaders of various tribes are constitutionally empowered to serve as government advisors as a member of Ntlo ya Dikgosi, the National House of Chiefs. In addition to this, they also function as ex officio seats of the tribe kgotlas , meeting all tribal members, in which political and social issues are discussed.

Canada

The band is the basic unit of government among the First Nations in Canada (formerly "Indian"). Most bands have elected heads, directly elected by all band members, or indirectly by the band's council, these leaders are recognized by the state of Canada under the provisions of the Indian Law. In addition, there may be traditional hereditary or charismatic chiefs, who are usually not part of a formal government sanctioned by Indian law. There are 614 bands in Canada in 2012. There is also a national organization, the First Nation Assembly, which elects the "national head" to act as the spokesperson of all First Nations bands in Canada.

Ghana

The traditional offices and territories of Ghana's leaders are constitutionally protected by the constitution of the republic of the country. Leaders function as guardians of all traditional land and traditional regional culture. They also serve as members of the National Council of Ghana.

Nigeria

Although traditional Nigerian rulers are not mentioned in Nigeria's current constitution, they gain their power from the so-called Head Law and are therefore legally recognized. They usually serve as members of each of the federated states' Federation of State and Squad.

Oceania

The Solomon Islands has a Local Courts Act that empowers heads to deal with crime in their communities, thus convincing them of effective authority.

Philippines

Apo Rodolfo Aguilar (Kudol I) serves as the head of the Tagbanwa tribe who lives in the Banuang Daan and Cabugao settlements on Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines. His position is recognized by the Philippine government.

South Africa

Figures like the King of Zulu and the Ratu of Rain are politically recognized in South Africa as they gain their status not only from tribal customs but also from the Traditional Leadership Clause of the current state constitution.

Uganda

The pre-colonial countries that exist in what is currently Uganda were briefly abolished after independence from Britain. However, after constitutional reforms in 1993, some of them were restored as the politically neutral constituents of the government by Yoweri Museveni.

United States

Historical cultural differences between tribes

Generally, tribes or nations are considered as part of an ethnic group, usually sharing cultural values. For example, forest-dwelling Chippewa have historically built shelter from the bark, as opposed to the Great Plains who live, who will not have access to trees, except by trade, for example for lodgepoles. Thus, the Great Plains tribes may normally live in closed-skin rather than bark huts. But some Plains tribes build their earthly accents, such as Pawnee. ^[2] The Pueblo people, meanwhile, built their abode of stone and earth.

Political power in the tribe

A head may be considered holding all political power, say by speech or by example. But in the North American continent, it is historically possible to avoid the political power of others with migration. The Mingos, for example, was the Iroquois who migrated further west to the sparsely populated Ohio State during the 18th century. Two Haudenosaunee, or Iroquois, Hiawatha and Great Peacemaker, formulated a constitution for the Iroquois Confederation.

The tribes were soothed by the United States Army unit in the nineteenth century, and also subject to forced schools within decades thereafter. Therefore, it is not uncommon for tribes today to have a native American cultural background, and now Native Americans are in many ways just another ethnicity of secular Americans. Since formal education is now respected, some like Peter MacDonald, a Navajo, abandoned his job in the major US economy to become chairman of their tribal council or similar governmental institution.

Not all tribal leaders need men; Wilma Mankiller is a famous Cherokee Head of State. Also, although the source of power may be the head, he is usually not free to assume power without the consent of such elders. For example: Cherokee men are not allowed to go to war without the approval of women councils.

Tribal government is a form of official government in the United States, as in a number of countries around the world.

Historically, the US government treated the tribe as the seat of political power, and made a treaty with the tribe as a legal entity. Nevertheless, the territory of these tribes fell under the authority of the Indian Affairs Bureau as a reservation held to trust the tribes. Citizenship was previously regarded as a tribal issue. For example, it was not until 1924 that the Pueblo were granted US citizenship, and it was not until 1948 that the Pueblo were given the right to vote in New Mexico state elections. In Wisconsin, the Menominee Nation has its own county Menominee County, Wisconsin with special car number plates; 87% of the county population are Native American.

Mainstream Americans often find pride and comfort in realizing that at least some of their ethnic ancestors are Native Americans, although the relationship is usually just sentimental and not economic or cultural. Thus, there are some political forces in one's ability to claim Native American connections (as in Black Seminole).

Economic strength in one tribe

Because sovereign nations, with the rights and obligations of treaties, Wisconsin tribes innovated the game of India in 1988, that is, casino gambling in-reservation, which has since become a nationally valued $ 14 billion industry. This has been replicated in many states that still have Native American tribes. This money has generated a political scandal. For example, the Tigua, who fled from their ancestral land in New Mexico during the Pueblo uprising of 1680, and who later settled on land in El Paso County, Texas, had paid for a possible low return to the tribe due to Jack Abramoff's publicity.

Many tribes use professional management for their money. Thus, Mescalero Apache renovated the Inn of the Mountain Gods to include gambling as well as previous tourism, lodging, and skiing at an older Inn.

The Navajo Nation defeated the offer to open casinos in 1994, but in 2004, the Shiprock casino was a fait accompli .

See also

• Cacique
• House of chiefs
• Indirect rules
• Opperhoofd
• Little Kingdom
• Sachem
• Sagamore (title)

Note

• ^ The Field Museum in Chicago, Illinois has an exhibit at Pawnee's earth hut.
• ^ The Field Museum has exhibits with artifacts, clothing, equipment and pottery of the Pueblo people, the Northwest tribes, Lowland tribes and indigenous peoples from Northeastern Woodlands, especially those from the Midwest.

References

• WorldStatesmen
• List of Tribal Governments in the United States
• CorPun-passim; here Solomon Islands

External links

• Death of the Andaman Tribe in India

Source of the article : Wikipedia