Undergraduate education

src: ue.ucdavis.edu

Undergraduate education is post-secondary education before graduate education. It covers all academic programs up to bachelor degree level. For example, in the United States, an undergraduate student is known as a bachelor, while a student with a higher degree is known as a graduate. In some systems and other educational subjects, undergraduate education is post-secondary education to master degree level; this is the case for some science programs in the UK and some medical programs in Europe.

Video Undergraduate education

Program

Afrika

Sistem Nigeria

In Nigeria, a bachelor's degree (excluding Medicine, Medical Laboratory Science, Nursing, Engineering, Law and Architecture) is a four-year-based program. Medicine (MBBS) and Architecture typically take six years to complete studies while the Medical Laboratory Science, Nursing, Law and Engineering take five years to complete the study; typically, all six years are taken to increase their chances.

South African System

The South African system typically has a three-year undergraduate degree, with two or three majors. (There are exceptions, such as medical qualifications (MBChB), which is six years.) The fourth year, known as the Honors year, is considered a post-graduate degree. This is usually driven by coursework, although it may include projects or theses.

America

Brazilian System

Brazil follows the main features of continental European systems; free public schools are available from kindergarten to post-graduation, both as rights established in Article 6, caput of the Brazilian Constitution and as the State's duty in Article 208, Items I, IV and V, of the Brazilian Constitution. Students choose their special courses before joining the university. Admission to the university is obtained by means of a competitive admission exam known as Vestibular (a concept somewhat similar to BaccalaurÃƒÆ'Ã‚ at at in France). There is a new system, adopted by most federal universities, that use secondary school exam results (ENEM) as part or substitute of the Vestibular class. Depending on the chosen course, after graduation students will be awarded: a technological diploma, 3 years to complete, a diploma degree, which usually requires 4 or, in the case of Law, Veterinary, Geology and Engineering, 5 years to complete; or professional diploma, which usually requires 5 or, in the case of drugs, 6 years to complete.

United States System

In the USA undergraduate refers to those who are studying for a bachelor's degree. The most common method consists of four years of study leading to a Bachelor of Arts (BA), a Bachelor of Science (BS), or sometimes other bachelor's degrees such as Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA), Bachelor of Music (B.M Mus. ), Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.), Bachelor of Science in Public Affairs (BSPA), Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), or Bachelor of Philosophy (B.Phil.) Program of Architecture The Five-Year Professional offers a Bachelor's Degree in Architecture (B.Arch.) Or sometimes a Master of Architecture (M.Arch.) Degree.

Unlike in the British model, a degree in law and medicine is not offered at the undergraduate level and completed as a professional study after earning a bachelor's degree. No field determines or prefers undergraduate majors, although medical schools have established prerequisite courses to be taken prior to enrollment.

Some students choose to attend a community college for two years before continuing to study at other colleges or universities. In many states, community colleges are operated either by state university divisions or by special local districts subject to guidance from state agencies. Community colleges provide associate degrees of various types, some aimed at preparing students for moving to a four-year school (eg Associate of Arts (AA), Associate of Science (USA), and others intended to provide vocational and training skills to students want to enter or advance in a profession. Those who wish to continue their education may move to a college or university four years after registering through the same admission process with those who register directly to a four-year institution called articulation. Some colleges have automatic enrollment agreements with four-year local colleges, where colleges provide the first two years of study and the university provides the remaining years of study, sometimes all on one campus. Community colleges provide associate degrees, while universities and colleges provide bachelor degrees. However, some colleges, such as Brazosport College in Lake Jackson, Texas offer a bachelor's degree along with an associate degree. In contrast, some universities such as the University of Delaware also provide associate titles.

Asia

Hong Kong System

In Hong Kong, the English system is followed. Students take the Certificate of Education examination around the age of sixteen, and the Advanced level, or A-level exam is about eighteen years old, followed by three years of undergraduate education, except for certain areas, such as medicine, nursing and law. This is due to be changed, with a five-year secondary education and a two-year matriculation exam combined and shortened to six years of matriculation, and undergraduate education extended to four years. Students may be able to receive public education in their first years at university, more like a North American system. The first generation of students under the new system will enter the university in 2012.

Indian System

In India, the graduation system is classified into two parts: Graduation (UG) and Postgraduation (PG). It takes three or four years to complete a "bachelor's degree". The three-year undergraduate program is mostly in the fields of arts, commerce, science etc., and the four-year program is mostly in the fields of technology, engineering, pharmaceutical science, agriculture, etc. However, for medicine, law and architecture, the period has been five years. The first UG owner is referred to as a graduate and a PG degree as a post graduate. Other then UG and PG there are various 1 to 2 years diploma programs available.

Pakistan system

In Pakistan, it generally takes four years to complete a Bachelor degree in Arts, Sciences, Dentistry, Engineering or Business Administration such as BA, BS, BDS, BE/BS/BSc Engineering or BBA and five years for a bachelor degree in Medicine (MBBS) ), Physiotherapy (DPT), Pharmacy (Pharm.D) and Architecture (B.Arch) after successfully completing 12 years of school. A 4-year undergraduate degree is offered at various Pakistani universities such as the COMSATS Institute of Information Technology (CIIT), University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore (UET Lahore), Technical and Technological University, Taxila (UET Taxila), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) and the National University of Computer and Emerging Science (NU).

The modern education system consists of the following five stages: a five-year primary school for children aged 5-10 years in grades one through five; a three-year high school for children aged 10 to 13, covering grades six through eight; two secondary years, or Matriculation consisting of grades nine and ten, for children aged 13 to 15; two years higher secondary, or secondary college, leading to F.A. in art or F.Sc. in science; and the fifth stage includes courses and universities leading to baccalaureate, professional, master and doctoral degrees. The pre-primary or preparatory classes, called kachi (literally, not boned) schools or Nursery, were officially integrated into the education system in 1988.

Europe

English, Welsh, and Northern Ireland systems

Students in England, Wales and Northern Ireland can usually enter the university from the age of eighteen, often studying A-levels and thus have 13 to 15 years of schooling. Sometimes students who complete A Level or an initial equivalent qualification (after spending a year at school on the basis of academic aptitude) may enter under this age but a large university now sets a minimum age limit of 16 or 17 after a number of "children" are well publicized miracle "is found emotionally and mentally unprepared for university life.

Applications for undergraduate programs in UK higher education are made through the University and College Admissions Service (UCAS).

For their first degree, most students read for a bachelor's degree, which typically takes three years, but in an integrated science and engineering program that includes both undergraduate and degree levels leading to a master's degree, typically taking four years and includes a research project or popular dissertation. Given the integrated nature of these programs a person obtaining a master's degree through an integrated program is usually not accepted at the undergraduate level.

The Master's degree awarded after the extended program will not be combined with a Master of Arts degree awarded at Oxbridge and Dublin, which is not a substantive qualification, but reflects the ancient practice of the three universities promoting the Bachelors of Arts to the Masters of Arts (and thus full membership of the University) six or seven years after matriculation.

The Honors degree and the integrated master's degree are awarded with 1st grade, top 2, 2nd or 3rd grade. If a student passes the course but fails to do well enough for a third grade award to be awarded, he or she will be awarded with a regular degree. It is possible to use the abbreviation "Hons" after a postnominal title to indicate that the title has been passed by award and not an ordinary degree.

Many universities offer sandwich courses or out-of-school years, which offer short term work placements in relevant industries before students complete their studies. Taking a sandwich course can make the course last a year longer than it should.

With very few exceptions, almost all universities with the power to grant degrees are highly state-funded. However, they also rely on school fees set by the government at the maximum link-index level, paid after graduation depending on the achievement of certain income levels, and with the state paying all fees for students from the poorest background. UK students are generally entitled to student loans for maintenance with income-dependent payments. Unlike in other European countries, the British government has no university assets and non-government university staff. Therefore, British universities are better described as autonomous, intellectual-independent institutions with public funding, and not public universities. The crown does not control the syllabus, except teacher training. Crowns limit the power to grant titles to those with a royal charter, in the case of a traditional university, or authorization from the Secretary of State to the University, in the case of a modern university. Accredited universities overseas, such as the University of Richmond, however, are free to operate.

European process system Bologna

In many countries, English differences between bachelor and master degrees are being introduced by the Bologna process. Under the new Bologna reform, European universities introduce Bachelor level (BA or BS) degrees, often by dividing the 5 year Master's degree program into two parts (3 years Bachelor 2-year Master), in which the student is not obligated to continue with the Master's degree second. This new bachelor's degree has the same structure as the British undergraduate degree.

If there is a separate bachelor's degree, a higher degree (License, Master, Doctorate) may be obtained upon completion of a bachelor's degree. In traditional German systems, there are no bachelor degrees in some fields, such as engineering: students proceeding to Master's level of education without administrative breaks, and employers will not regard the master's degree as semi-finished.

Phase Bachelor in the Netherlands can be fulfilled either at the university or at the University of Applied Sciences. Except for some special exceptions, only in university students can graduate for their master or be promoted. These two institutions differ from one another in the level of students learning abstract concepts. While theories are made at the university, the University of Science theory is taught to be applied correctly.

Scottish System

Students in Scotland typically enter university in their eighteen year old (with many still seventeen years after starting), so the course takes an additional year compared to England, Wales and Northern Ireland.

In an older university, the Master of Arts degree is awarded in art subjects after four years, while the new university even awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree. The Master of Arts degree awarded by the Ancient University of Scotland is equivalent to a Bachelor of Arts degree at another university and does not require the level of study required for other degrees from masters awarded by these universities. The title actually reflects the ancient traditions of these universities.

In science, students usually read for a bachelor's degree, which usually takes four years. However, like other parts of the UK, an integrated master's degree is very popular in science and engineering, although in Scotland they last for five years. Classification of titles the same as those in the UK

Other European systems

In many other continental European systems, the title of "scholar" in the American sense does not exist. Because students are expected to have received a healthy general education at the secondary level, at schools such as gymnasiums or lycee, European students enroll in specific courses they wish to pursue after admission to the University. In the US, students only specialize in "major" during the final years of college. Specializing in the field of study when admission to university means that most students graduate after four to five years of study. Available fields include those taught only as undergraduate degrees in the US, such as law or medicine.

In the traditional German system, there is a similar vocational degree (Diploma FH), and is also considered an academic degree. Although designed as a specialist degree, it is different from a diploma at the University, which claims to be more generalist. Germany itself, however, at this time abolished the legal distinction between Fachhochschule and the University. Both are translated as universities and they both provide graduate degrees comparable to bologna-compliant.

Not compulsory and sometimes applied at the University in the Netherlands is a propaedeutic exam. The entire curriculum of the first two semesters of the bachelor program is part of the propaedeutic exam. In most undergraduate studies, students are required to obtain their propaedeutic certificate in three semesters after starting the course. The propaedeutic certificate is also considered a requirement to participate in university-level undergraduate studies. The propaedeutic exam has a goal to assess whether a student has the appropriate capacity to complete the course.

In some Swedish universities (such as the Royal Institute of Technology), PhD programs are sometimes referred to as "graduate programs", while programs for other students (up to the masters level) are sometimes referred to as "undergraduate programs". Systems in many Finnish universities are similar.

In the French system, the first level of higher education is achieved two years after the baccalaurÃƒÆ'Ã‚ Â© at. Among these degrees, the DEUG produced by the university has been lost, while the Dipl Ã‚'me universitaire de technologie, the Brevet de Technicien SupÃƒÆ'Ã‚ Â© rieur or classe prÃƒÆ' Ã‚ Â© paratoire aux grandes ÃƒÆ' coles still exists. According to the Bologna process, this two-year curriculum will be replaced by a three-year license, but it already exists.

Maps Undergraduate education

References

Source of the article : Wikipedia

Undergraduate education

Jumat, 29 Juni 2018