Euphemism is a generally harmless word or expression used as a substitute for one that might be considered offensive or suggesting something unpleasant. Some euphemisms are meant to be entertaining, while others use bland, obscene terms for concepts that users want to downplay. Euphemisms are used to refer to taboo topics (such as disability, sex, excretion, or death) in a polite way, or to cover up profanity.
Video Euphemism
Etimologi
Euphemism is derived from the Greek euphemia ( ??????? ) which refers to the use of 'good omen' words; it is a compound of eÃÆ' Â » ( ?? ), meaning 'nice, good', and ph? m? ( ???? ), meaning 'prophetic speech; rumor, talk '. Eupheme is a reference to the spirit of women's positive and positive words, etc. The term euphemism itself is used as euphemism by the ancient Greeks; with the meaning "to keep sacred silence" (speaking well not speaking at all).
Maps Euphemism
Destination
The reasons for using euphemism differ by context and intent. Generally, euphemisms are used to avoid directly addressing subjects that may be considered negative or embarrassing. Euphemism is also used to minimize the gravity of large-scale injustices, war crimes, or other events requiring avoidance patterns in official statements or documents. For example, one of the reasons for the comparative scarcity of written evidence documenting extermination at Auschwitz (at least scaled) is "the direction for the obfuscation process obscured in bureaucratic euphemism".
The term "affirmative action" means the preference for a minority or historically disadvantaged usually in employment or academic acceptance (also called reverse discrimination, or in English positive discrimination) is a euphemism for deliberate bias that may be prohibited by law, or unpleasant.
Euphemisms such as enhanced interrogation for torture may be less tame: columnist David Brooks calls euphemism for torture in Abu Ghraib, Guantano, and elsewhere in an effort to "blunt moral sensibilities".
Formation
Phonetic modification
Phonetic euphemisms are used to replace indecent words, reducing their intensity. Mods include:
- Shorten or "cut" the term ( Jeez for Jesus, What - for What is )
- Mispronkasi, like frak , frig (both of which precede fuck ), what is fudge , what truck (both what ), oh my gosh ("oh my God"), frickin ("shit "), shit (" shit "), oh shoot (" oh shit "), be-yotch (" bitch ") etc..
- Use the first letter instead of SOB ("bastard"), what is the effect ("what"), my SD ("suck my cock"), BS ("nonsense")). Sometimes, the word " word" is added afterwards ( F-word ( fuck ), S-word ( dirt ), B-word ( bitch ), N word ( negro Also, the letter can be phonetically responded, for example, the word urine is abbreviated to urine (pronounced as P >) in this way.
Number of conversations
- The ambiguous statement ( it for dirt, the situation or a girl in trouble for pregnancy, died or pass to death, do or together refers to sexually, tired and emotional actions to get drunk)
- Understanding ( asleep due to death, drinking due to alcohol consumption, injury due to injury, etc.)
- Metaphors ( beat meat or choke the chicken or jerk the pumpkin to masturbate, pick up trash and take a leak to defecate and urinate)
- Comparison ( bread for butt, weed for cannabis)
- Metonymy ( male room for "men's toilet")
Rhetoric
Euphemism can be used as a rhetorical strategy, whose goal is to change the valence of the description from positive to negative.
Slang
The use of the term with the connotation is softer, though it has the same meaning. For example, screwed is euphemism for screwed ; hook-up and put are euphemisms for sexual intercourse.
There is some disagreement about whether certain terms or not euphemisms. For example, sometimes the sentence visual impairment is labeled as a politically correct euphemism for blind or blind people. However, visual impairment can be a broader term, including, for example, people who have partial views on one eye, those with mild to moderate bad vision that can not be trusted, or even those who wear glasses, groups to be excluded by the word blind Words from a foreign language
Expressions or words from foreign languages ​​can be imported for use in lieu of offensive words. For example, the French word enceinte is sometimes used instead of the English word pregnant . This word substitution practice became so frequent that the phrase " forgot my French " was adopted in an attempt to forgive profanity.
Evolution
Euphemisms can be formed in several ways. Periphrasis, or circumlocution, is one of the most common: "talking around" the word given, implying without saying it. Over time, circumlocutions become recognized as an established euphemism for certain words or ideas.
To change the pronunciation or spelling of taboo words (such as the curse word) to form euphemisms is known as taboo deformation, or chopped oath . In American English, unacceptable words on television, such as fuck , may be represented by such strange deformations , even in children's cartoons. Some examples of rhyming slang may have the same purpose: calling someone berk sounds less offensive than calling someone as vagina , though berk Short for Berkeley Hunt , which rhymes with vagina .
The bureaucracy often spawns euphemism deliberately, doubling its expression. For example, in the past, the US military used the term "solar unit" for contamination by radioactive isotopes. Effective death penalty in the Soviet Union during the Great Purge often used the clause "imprisonment without the right to correspond" clause: the convicted person never had the opportunity to correspond with anyone because soon after they were imprisoned they would be shot. Early in 1939, Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich used the term Sonderbehandlung ("special treatment") which meant a summary of the execution (most likely by hanging) those who were perceived as "disciplinary problems" by the Nazis even before the start of systematic extermination Jew. Heinrich Himmler, aware that the word came to be known as murder, replaced the euphemism with which the Jews would be "guided" (to their death) through forced labor camps and extermination after being "evacuated" to their catastrophes. Such is part of the formulation of EndlÃÆ'¶sung der Judenfrage ("Final Solution for Jewish Questions"), which became famous worldwide throughout the Nuremberg Trials.
Euphemism itself can move to the word taboo, through a linguistic process known as semantic change (especially the jewelery) described by W.V.O. Quine, and was recently dubbed the "tufts of euphemism" by Harvard professor Steven Pinker. For example, toilets is an eighteenth-century euphemism, replacing the old euphemisms of home-office, which in turn replaced the older euphemisms of private homes and swamp house . In the 20th century, where the words toilets or toilet were considered inappropriate (eg in the United States), they were sometimes replaced with bathroom or water closet , which in turn becomes toilet , WC , or toilet .
The word dirt seems to be originally a euphemism for defecation in Pre-Germany, as a Proto-Indo-European root * s? Eyd - , from where it originated, means "to cut".
Euphemism is at risk of being understood and used literally by young people acquiring language, and by parents learning foreign languages; for example is the type of "bath children" who are pregnant.
In popular culture
Doublespeak is a term sometimes used to misuse intentional eufemistic words to distort or reverse its meaning, as in the war of the "Ministry of Peace", and "Ministry of Love" imprisoning and torturing. This is the portmanteau of the term Newspeak and doublethink , derived from George Orwell's 1984 novel.
The word eufemisme itself can be used as euphemism. In particular the animated TV Halloween Is Grinch Night (see Dr. Seuss), a child asks to go to euphemism , where euphemism is being used as euphemism for lathe . The use of this euphemism euphemism also occurs in drama Who fears Virginia Woolf? where a character asks, "Martha, will you show him where we are saving, uh, euphemism?"
In the movie Wes Anderson Fantastic Mr. Fox , substituting the words with the word cuss into a funny motive throughout the film.
In the Tom Hanks web series Electric City , the use of indecent words has been censored by the word swear . "[Expletive deleted]" entered the public discourse after its notorious use in censoring the Watergate tape transcript.
In the series Isaac Asimov Foundation , the curse of the Mis Ebling scientist has all been replaced with unprintable . In fact, there is only one such condemnation case referred to, causing some readers to mistakenly assume that euphemism is Ebling, not Asimov. The same word has also been used in the story "Flies".
George Carlin has stated in audio books and shows that euphemism softens everyday language and takes life from it.
See also
Note
References
Further reading
- A Keith; Burridge, Kate. Euphemism & amp; Dysfemism: Language Used as a Shield and Weapon , Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBNÃ, 0-7351-0288-0.
- Benveniste, ÃÆ' â € ° mile, "EuphÃÆ' Â © mismes anciens and modernes", at: ProblÃÆ'¨mes de linguistique gÃÆ' Â © nÃÆ' Â © rale , vol. 1, p. 308-314. [Originally published at: Die Sprache , I (1949), pp.Ã, 116-122].
- Ã, "Euphemism". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica . 9 (issue 11). 1911.
- Enright, D. J. (1986). Fair Speaking . Oxford University Press. ISBN: 0-19-283060-0.
- Fussell, Paul: Class: Guide Through the American Status System , Touchstone - Simon & amp; Schuster Inc., 1983. ISBNÃ, 0-671-44991-5; ISBN 0-671-79225-3.
- R.W.Holder: How Not To Say What You Mean: Dictionary of Euphemism , Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBNÃ, 0-19-860762-8.
- Keyes, Ralph (2010). Euphemania: Our Love Affair with Euphemism . Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-05656-4. Communications Monograph, 73 , 261-282.
- Rawson, Hugh (1995). Dictionary of Euphemism & amp; Doublespeak more (second edition). ISBN: 0-517-70201-0.
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920). Grammar . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p.Ã, 678. ISBNÃ, 0-674-36250-0.
External links
- Definition of euphemism dictionary in Wiktionary
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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