The Golden Bull of 1356 (German: Goldene Bulle , Latin: Bulla Aurea ) is a decree issued by the Imperial Diet in Nuremberg and Metz (Diet Metz (1356/57)) headed by Emperor Charles IV who is repaired, for a period of more than four hundred years, an important aspect of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire. It was named Golden Bull for the gold seal that was brought.
In June 2013, Golden Bull was included in the UNESCO World Register.
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According to the written text of the Golden Bull of 1356
We have declared, stipulated and recommended to ratify the law submitted for the purpose of unity among the Electorate, and to realize a unanimous election, and to close all approaches to the sickening splits and with the various dangers arising therefrom.
Although the election of the Roman King by ecclesiastical and secular princes of the Holy Roman Empire was established, disputes over papal processes and involvement have repeatedly produced controversy, most recently in 1314 when Louis of Bavaria and Frederick of Austria were elected by opposing the voting set. Louis, who eventually subdue his rival claims on the battlefield, made the first attempt to clarify the process in the 1338 Rhense Declaration, which rejected papal engagement and had limited the right to elect a new king for the prince-electorate. The Golden Bull, announced by the successor Louis and his rival, Charles IV, is more appropriate in some respects.
Maps Golden Bull of 1356
Prince-elector
First, Bull explicitly names the seven Prince-electors ( KurfÃÆ'¼rsten ) who will elect the King and also define their ReichserzÃÆ'¤mter , their (mostly ceremonial) offices in court:
Second, the principle of majority voices is explicitly stated for the first time in the Empire. The Bull stipulates that four (out of seven) votes will always be sufficient to elect a new King; as a result, three Electors can no longer block the election. Third, the electoral heads are declared inseparable, and their succession is set to ensure that the vote will never be shared. Eventually, Bull cemented a number of privileges for the Electors, who confirmed their increasing role in the Empire. It is therefore also an important milestone in the formation of the largely independent states of the Empire, a process which must be concluded only centuries later, especially with the Westphalia Peace in 1648.
This codification of the prince-electorate, though largely based on precedence, is not controversial, especially in terms of the two principal rivals of the ruling House of Luxembourg:
- The Wittelsbach house ruled the Duke of Bavaria as well as the District of Palatinate. Dynasty division has caused two areas to move on different branches of the house. The Treaty of Pavia, which in 1329 restored the Palatinate branch, determined that Bavaria and Palatinate would alternate in future elections but Golden Bull still elect the electorate of Palatinate and not on Bavaria, partly because Charles's predecessor and his rival Louis IV were the branch. The sons of Louis IV, Louis V and Stephen II of Bavaria, protest this neglect, feeling that Bavaria, one of the principal territories of the kingdom and the main area of ​​their family for more than 170 years, deserves an advantage over Palatinate. Bavarian neglect of the prince-elect list also allowed Bavaria, which had just reunited, falling into the dynastic fragmentation again. Brandenburg was in the hands of Wittelsbach Bavaria (although held by junior members of the house) in 1356, they eventually lost the territory to Luxemburg in 1373, leaving the Bavarian branch without representation at the Electoral College until 1623.
- The House of Habsburg, an old rival from Luxembourg, was completely removed from the list of prince-electors, leading to a decline in political influence and dynastic fragmentation. In retaliation, Duke of Rudolf IV, one of the fragmented Austrian dukes, made Privilegium Maius forged, a document supposedly issued by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The document gave Austria - raised to Archduchy's position - special privileges, including the eldest son. Although ignored by the Emperor and other princes at the time, the document was eventually ratified when Frederick of Austria himself became Emperor in the 15th century. However, the Habsburg remained silently electoral until they made it to the Bohemian Kingdom in 1526.
Procedures
The bulls organize the entire election process in great detail, listing explicitly where, when, and under what circumstances to be done by whom, not only for the prince-electors but also (for example) for the citizens of Frankfurt, where elections should be held, and also to calculate the areas that the princes must go through to get there. The decision to hold elections in Frankfurt reflects the traditional feelings that come from the days of East Frank that both election and coronation must be made on the land of Frank. However, the selection location is not the only location specified; the bull sets out that the coronation will take place in Aachen, and Nuremberg will be the place where the first food of a government should be held. The election will be completed within thirty days; If it fails, the bull sets that the prince-electors receive only bread and water until they decide:
Quod si facere distuler intra triginta dies, a die prestiti juramenti prefati continuo numerandos, extimb transactis eisdem triginta redeemed amodo panem manducent et aquam et nullatenus antedictam exeant city, nus prius per ipsos vel majorem partem rector ipsorum seu temporale caput fidelium electum fuerit, ut preferture. [Translation:] But if they fail to do this in thirty days, keep counting from the day when they took the oath above: when the thirty days are over, from then on they will live from bread and water, and nothing means leaving the city mentioned before [Frankfurt] except first through them, or the majority of them, a loyal ruler or loyal leader will be chosen, as said before.
In addition to organizing the selection process, Golden Bull chapters contain many small decisions. For example, he also defined the marching sequence when the emperor was present, both with and without its symbol. A relatively large decision was made in chapter 15, in which Charles IV banned every conjurationes, confederations, and/ conspirationes , which means especially the city alliance ( StÃÆ'¤dtebÃÆ'¼nde ), but also other communal leagues that have sprang up through the communal movement in medieval Europe. Most StÃÆ'¤dtebÃÆ'¼nde were later disbanded, sometimes by force, and when denied, their political influence was greatly reduced. Thus the Golden Bull also strengthens the nobility in general to the disadvantage of cities.
The involvement of the Pope with Golden Bull 1356 is essentially absent, which is significant in the history of the relationship between the pope and emperor. When Charles IV established the procedure for selecting a Roman King, he made no mention of receiving a papal confirmation of the election. However, Pope Innocent VI did not protest this because he needed Charles's support of Visconti. Pope Innocent continued to have a good relationship with Charles IV after the Golden Bull of 1356 until the offender's death in 1362.
References
Further reading
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External links
- The Golden Bull of 1356 is complete, translated into English.
- Choice of Golden Bull from Sourcebook Mediaeval Internet at Fordham University Center for Medieval Studies.
- Golden Bull integral in Latin, a comparative list of all five initial copies.
Literature
- Bryce, James, The Holy Roman Empire (London: Macmillan Company, New Edition, 1978), 243.
- Chambers. D.S., Pope, Cardinal and War (London: I.B. Tauris, 2006), 28.
- Renouard, Yves, The Avignon Papacy 1305-1403 (Connecticut: Archon Books, 1970), 127.
- Heer, Friedrich, trans. Janet Sondheimer, Holy Roman Empire (New York: Federick A. Praeger Publishers, 1968), 117.
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