Rock climbing is an activity in which participants rise, descend or cross rock formations or artificial stone walls. The goal is to reach the top of the formation or end of the route that is usually determined without falling. Due to the length and extended durability required and because accidents are more likely to occur in offspring rather than climbing, rock climbers usually do not climb back to the route. It is rare for a climber to downclimb, especially on some of the larger pitches (class III-IV and/or multi-day grade IV-VI rises). Professional rock climbing competitions have the goal to complete the route in the shortest time possible or reach the farthest point on an increasingly difficult route. Ruffled, other activities involving scaling of hills and similar formations, similar to rock climbing. However, rock climbing is generally distinguished by the continued use of hands to support the weight of climbers and provide balance.
Rock climbing is a physically and mentally demanding exercise, which often tests the strength, endurance, agility, and equilibrium of climbers along with mental control. This can be a dangerous activity and knowledge of proper climbing techniques and the use of special climbing equipment is essential for safe route completion. Due to the wide reach and variety of rock formations around the world, rock climbing has been separated into several different styles and sub-disciplines.
Video Rock climbing
Histori
The paintings dating from 200 BC show the Chinese climbing the cliffs. Early in America, the Anasazi who lived on a cliff in the 12th century was regarded as an excellent climber. Early European climbers used rock climbing techniques as a necessary skill to reach the top in their mountain exploitation. In the 1880s, European rock climbing became an independent pursuit outside mountain climbing.
Although rock climbing is an important component of climbing the Victorian mountains in the Alps, it is generally thought that rock climbing began in the last quarter of the nineteenth century in different parts of Europe. Rock climbing evolves gradually from alpine needs to different athletic activities.
Climbing climbing, climbing using equipment that acts as an artificial grip or foothold, became popular during the period 1920-1960, which led to climbing in the Alps and in the Yosemite Valley that was considered impossible without such means. However, climbing techniques, equipment and ethical considerations have evolved steadily. Today, free climbing, climbing using a grip completely made of natural stone when using gear solely for protection and not for upward movement, is the most popular form of exercise. The free ascent has since been divided into several sub-styles of climbing depending on the belay configuration.
Over time, scoring systems have also been made to more accurately compare the relative difficulty of rock climbing.
Maps Rock climbing
Style
In How to Ascend the Mountain , John Long notes that for skilled climbers only reaching the top of the route is not enough; how one gets to the main things. In rock climbing, style refers to the method of rock climbing. There are three main climbing styles: on-sight, flash, and redpoint. To see the route is to climb to the wall without any help or knowledge. This is considered a way to climb with the most style. Blinking is similar to direct observation, except that the climber has previous information about the route including talking about betas with other climbers. Redpointing means making a free ascent of the route after trying it out first. The style largely depends on each individual climber and even among climbers, verbiage and definitions can be different.
climbing types Most of the climbs done in modern times are considered free climbing - climbing using their own physical strength, with equipment used solely for protection and not as supporters - rather than helping climb, dominant teeth in the early days of the sport. Free climbing is usually divided into several different styles depending on the choice of equipment used and the configuration of their belly system, rope and anchor.
As the route progresses, the increased risk of life-threatening injuries requires additional security measures. Various special climbing techniques and climbing equipment exist to provide that security. Climbers will usually work in pairs and use a rope and anchor system designed to catch a fall. Ropes and anchors can be configured in various ways to fit multiple climbing styles, and the roped climb is thus further divided into sub-types that vary based on how their belay system is organized. In general, beginners will start with top roping and/or bouldering easily and work their way to lead the ascent and beyond.
Help
Still the most popular method of climbing the great wall, helping climbers make wall progress by repeatedly locating and weighing gears that are used directly to help climb and improve safety. This form of climbing is usually used when climbing is too technically difficult or impossible for a free ascent.
Free
The most commonly used method for climbing to the top refers to a climb where the strength and physical skills of a climber are relied upon to reach the climb. Free climbing can rely on the upper belay rope system, or on tin climbing to build protection and belay stations. Anchors, ropes and protection are used to back up climbers and passive as opposed to active ride aids. The free climbing subtypes are rock climbing and climbing sports. Free ascent is generally done as a "clean lead" which means no python or pin is used as protection.
Bouldering
Climb on short, low-key routes without the use of a safety rope typical of most other styles. Protection, if used at all, usually consists of padded rock beneath the route and scouts, someone who sees from below and directs the climbers from dangerous terrain. Bouldering can be an arena for a tight and relatively secure competition, resulting in very high difficulty standards.
Solo
Climbing solo, or soloing is a climbing style where climbers ride alone, without the aid of tethering.
Deep-water solo (DWS)
Deep-water soloing (or psicobloc) is similar to free soloing where climbers are unprotected and without rope, but if climbers fall, they fall into deep water, not on the ground.
Solo free
Free soloing, referred to as a "solo" in the UK, is the climb of one person without the use of a rope or any protection system. If a fall occurs and the climber is not on the water (as in the case of deep water solos), the climber is likely to be killed or seriously injured. Although technically similar to bouldering, a free solo climb usually refers to a much higher and/or much more deadly route than bouldering. The term "high ball" is used to refer to ascent at the boundary between free solo and bouldering, where what normally rises as a rock problem may be high enough to fall causing serious injury (20 ft and higher) and hence can also be regarded as free solo.
Strappy Solo
The solo climb with ropes secured at the start of the climb allows climbers to tie themselves as they progress. Once the pitch is finished, the soloists must get off the rope to pick up their teeth, and then raise the pitch back. This form of climbing can be done for free or as a form of climbing aid.
Lead
Climb climbing is a climbing technique. Climbers lead up with ropes through the intermittent anchors beneath them, not through the top anchors, like on a top-roped climb. The shackles of partners from under the lead climber, by feeding enough ropes to allow for upward development without undue leeway. As the forward leaders cut the rope inside, using runners and carabiners, intermediate protection points such as active cams, or passive protection such as nuts; this limits the potential length of the fall. The leader can also cut to the bolts that have been placed previously. The indoor gym may have a short runner pre-attached to the fixed anchor point on the wall.
Unlike top rock climbers where climbers are always supported by anchors located above climbers, the lead ascent often has a scenario where the climber will attach to a point below it. In this case, if the climber falls, the falling distance will be much larger than the top rope and this is one of the main reasons tin climbing can be dangerous. The fall factor is the height ratio of a fallen climber and the length of rope available to absorb the fall. The higher the fall factor, the more force placed on the climber because the rope reduces its speed. The maximum fall factor is 2. It is often suggested that climbers who are interested in climbing leads must learn from experienced climbers and participate in training sessions before actually climbing on their own.
Multi-pitch
Climbing rope has a fixed length; climbers can only climb a rope. Longer routes of rope lengths are split into segments called pitches; this is known as multi-pitch climbing. At the top of the field, the leader, the first climber who climbed, installed the anchor and then turned his back on the second climber to the anchor; when the second climber follows the route taken by the leader, the second climber removes the carabiner and anchor placed along the road to be able to use it again in the next field. After the two climbers are at the top of the anchor, the leader begins to climb the next field and so on until the top of the route is reached.
In either case, after completing the route, the climber can walk back down if there is an alternate lineage, or rappel (down) with a rope.
Sports
Unlike traditional rock climbing, climbing involves the use of protection (bolts) placed with an electric drill or on a permanent rappel or anchor attached to a stone wall. This is separate from the climbing facial cliffs.
Traditional
Traditional ascent or trad involves a rock climbing path where the protection against fall is placed by climbers as it rises. In unusual bolts used, these are placed on lead (usually with manual drill). The more commonly removed teeth called cams, hexa, and nuts are placed inside constrictors or cracks in the rock to protect against falling (replacing bolts) but not to aid direct ascent. Because of the difficulty of mounting bolts on lead, bolts tend to be placed farther apart than in many sports ramps. Once thrown on lead, if repeated appointments can repeat the route only by using a previously placed bolt for protection, the route will then be considered as an ascent to the sport, and recurrent climbing will be considered done in the climbing sport rather than the trad climbing style. Routes protected by pre-bolt mixtures and traditional climbing protection (cams/nuts/hexes) are commonly referred to as "mixed" routes, such as in trades and sports mixes. Historically, pitons were placed within the boundaries of stone, not hexa, nuts, and cams. These are difficult to remove and often destructive, producing a number of "fixed" pitons that can not be moved on many of the older traditionally protected routes. These are often used in a similar way to bolts, although they are unreliable and with no convention to be considered when evaluating whether a route is a climbing trad, climbing sport or mixing up a bolt the way possible.
Top rope
Commonly known as "Top Roping": belaying climber from the ground or route base. A belay system resembles a pulley where anchor has been made at the summit of the climb, where the rope runs from the belayer on the ground, to the climber on the ground (position before the start of the ascent) . The strap is "taken-in", to clear the slack as the climber moves upward, so that in the event of a fall, the climber falls the shortest distance possible. The fall length is usually no more than one meter, but may vary depending on the length of the route (the longer the rope, the more strands the rope will experience when weigh) and the weight of the climber compared to that of the belayer, among others.
Hovering over
Belaying a climber from the top of the route, take them to walk or continue on to the next pitch. The system is as safe as climbing the route as top-roping, unless the belayer has anchors at the top of the climb (usually after leading the route, in which case the climber is "ambiguous") to either induce the climbers indirectly (the belayer is part of the system and can vulnerable when exposed to unexpected directions of pull and rope loading) or directly (belayer is not part of the system and belaying is done directly from the anchor using either an Italian Hitch/Munter or customized use of tethering device), up the route from above. If a bolt has been cut or a traditional dental placement has been made, it is the duty of the climber to collect and clean the route.
Via ferrata
A method that is quite easy to climb a route, depends heavily on permanent protection rather than using natural rock features to continue.
Technique
Different types of rocks require different techniques to successfully climb.
Crack
Crack climbing is a type of rock climbing that climbs cracks and uses special climbing techniques. The gap used for climbing varies in size from the width of the fingers to the width that is suitable for the whole body. Climbers use techniques such as jamming, laybacking, and stemming. Some climbers use gloves made from athletic ribbons to protect their hands.
Face
Climbing the face is a type of climb where the climbers use features and irregularities in the stone such as finger pockets and edges to climb onto the vertical stone surface.
Slab
Slab climbing is a rock climbing type where the stone's surface is at a steep angle than the vertical. It is characterized by a balance movement and friction that relies on a very small grip.
Simul
When two climbers move at the same time. Pionudo-lead climber directs the teeth collected by pseudo followers. When leaders run out of teeth they build a belay station where followers can join them to exchange equipment. Stronger climbers often become false followers since falling by the followers will pull the leader from the bottom toward the last piece of equipment - a potentially devastating fall for the leader. Conversely, the fall of the leader will attract followers from above, resulting in a less serious fall. Most speed climbs involve some form of simul flight but may also include a standard free climbing section and use of gear placed for progress (ie partial assistance or equipment withdrawal).
Grading System
Community ascent in many countries and regions has developed their own assessment system for routes. Ratings, or grades, record and communicate consensus assessment difficulties. The ranking system is subjective in nature, and variations of difficulty can be seen between two ramps in the same class. Therefore, there may be occasional disagreements arising from physiological differences or styles among climbers. The practice of climbing judgment under the difficulty is actually known as sandbagging.
The most commonly used appraisal system in the United States is the Yosemite Decimal System and Hueco V scale-scale boreering. The current range for climbing routes is 5.0 for easy beginner route to 5.15 being world class and V0 - V16, respectively. Since the capability of human climbing has not yet been reached, the scoring system has no definite endpoint and can thus be revised.
Ranking takes into account several factors affecting the route, such as the climbing slope, the quantity and quality of the available handles, the distance between holding, the ease of placing the protection and whether further technical maneuvers are required. Usually the rating for the hardest step on the wall will be the rank for the overall climb. Although route altitude is generally not considered a factor, a long series of sustained movements will often score higher than one step from the same technical difficulties. For example, climbing with some 5.11 steps without breaks can be graded 5.12.
Terminology
As the climbing route or problem increases in difficulty, climbers learn to develop skills that help them complete a clean climb. There are several techniques for the hands and feet as well as the terms for the movement that combine the two. For indoor gymnasiums, the route creators visualize and create routes for climbers, placing different types of handles in certain sections of the wall at a certain angle because they mean climbers to use certain techniques.
Environments
Indoor
Indoor climbing takes place in buildings in artificial stone structures. It's possible to climb in any type of weather and any time of the day. Climbers ride indoors to improve their skills and techniques, as well as for general practice or pleasure. Indoor climbing gyms usually provide strap arrangements and ensure that new climbers know the technique safely.
Outdoor
Outdoors, inclines usually occur on sunny days when the handles are dry and provide the best grip, but climbers can also try climbing at night or in bad weather conditions if they have the proper training and equipment. However, climbing or climbing nights in adverse weather conditions will increase the difficulty and danger of any climbing route.
Tools
Most climbers choose to wear rubber-specific climbing shoes that are usually smaller than their regular street boots to increase the sensitivity to foot placement and use tightness to their advantage. Climbing chalk (MgCO 3 ) is usually used as a drying agent to minimize hand sweating. Most other equipment is protective. Rock climbing is inherently dangerous, so to minimize the potential consequences of falling, climber uses protection. The most basic protective tool is a climbing rope. The climbing pioneers will set up a rope for themselves; In the event of a fall, the rope will usually cause injury to the climber in the hope that it prevents death. With technological advances comes the special development of harnesses, carabiners used for clipping to anchor belay and rappel and connecting gears, and belay devices used to catch fallen climber, hold or lower climbers and for rappelling. Finally, the placement of bolts by using quickdraws leads to the emergence of sports climbing. Traditional climbers develop a spring camming device, which increases security over chocks, hexes, and pitons. Some climbers choose to wear special climbing helmets to protect them from falling rocks or equipment or head injuries from crashing into rocks.
Injuries
Injuries in rock climbing, especially sports injuries that occur due to falling or too often used. Fall injuries are relatively rare; Most injuries are caused by overuse, most commonly in the fingers, elbows, and shoulders. Such injuries are often no worse than torn shoots, burns, burns and bruises. There are a number of special skin care products for climbers available in the market. However, excessive symptoms, if ignored, can cause permanent damage especially to tendons, tendon sheaths, ligaments, and capsules. Injuries from the tin climb are common.
Site access
Indigenous cultural considerations
Some popular areas to climb, for example in the United States and Australia, as well as sacred places for indigenous peoples. Many natives like that would prefer climbers not climbing these holy places and have made this information famous for climbers. A famous example is the rock formations that Americans have named the Devils Tower National Monument. Native American cultural concerns also led to the complete closure of the climb at Cave Rock in Lake Tahoe, Monument Valley, Shiprock and Canyon de Chelly.
The climbing activity can sometimes penetrate the rock art sites created by various native American cultures and early European explorers and settlers. This potential threat to these resources has led to the limitation and closure of climbing in places like Hueco Tanks, Texas, and part of the City of Rocks Nature Reserve, Idaho.
In Australia, the Uluru (Ayers Rock) monolith is sacred to local indigenous communities and climbing is prohibited on anything except the established ascent route (and even climbing is not recommended).
Indigenous peoples are not the only cultures that refuse to climb on certain rock formations. The professional climber Dean Potter started a major controversy when he ignored the long accepted convention for the Delicate Arch scale in 2006, resulting in a strict new climbing rule in Arches National Park.
Private property
Many significant rock outcrops exist in private soil. Some people in the rock climbing community have been guilty of unauthorized entry in many cases, often after the transfer of land ownership and prior access permits were withdrawn. In the US, the climbing community responds to the closure of access by establishing an Access Fund. It is an "advocacy organization that keeps the US climbing area open and conserves the climbing environment.The five core programs support missions at national and local levels: public policy, stewardship and conservation (including grants), grassroots activism, climbing education and land acquisition." England, the British Mountaineering Council represents climbers and their interest in public access to cliffs, cliffs and boulders.
Environmental impact
Although many climbers adhere to "minimal impact" and "do not leave a trail" practice, rock climbing sometimes damages the environment. Common environmental damage includes: soil erosion, rock feature breakers, lime accumulation, litter, abandoned bolts and ropes, human feces, the introduction of foreign crops through seeds to shoes and clothing, and damage to native plant species (especially those grown in gaps) slit). and on the edges as these are often deliberately removed during the development of new routes through a process commonly referred to as cleaning) .
Climbing is a rock climbing style that seeks to minimize some of the aesthetic side effects of some of the techniques used in rock climbing and more often, climbing aid by avoiding the use of tools such as pythons, which damage stones.
Rock climbing can also disrupt raptor's nest because two activities often occur on precipitous cliffs. Many of the climbing land managers institut the closure of the nesting season of a cliff known to be used by protected birds of prey such as hawks, eagles, and osprey.
Many people who do not climb also object to the appearance of chalk marks, anchors, bolts and sling on the visible cliff. Because these features are small, the visual impact can be reduced through the selection of neutral colors and matching stones for bolts, woven and lime hanger. The use of certain types of climbing equipment is prohibited altogether on some cliffs because of the risk of damage to the rock surface. In such cases, climbers use straps and ropes to climb the protector.
Blowtorching is another impact of ascent that affects the stone itself. Blowtorching is when a climber uses a welding torch to dry on a wet route. This is especially true in areas that tend to have wet climbing conditions. Blowtorching is not only detrimental to the stone itself and can have permanent damage but also leave very large burns that are not expected by most climbers.
Vandalism
The most significant form of vandalism that is directly attributed to rock climbers is the change of the climbing surface to make it more climber-friendly.
With the advent of hard and bolted sports climbing in the 1980s, many routes were "peeled" and "glued" to provide additional features, allowing them to climb on the standard of the day. This attitude is rapidly changing because the technique of climbing a safer sport allows the climber to push hard without much risk, causing a previous or more fixed fixed value to continue rising. Changing the route starts to be seen as a delimiter and is useless.
Unlike traditional climbs that generally use protection only as a backup if dropped, some climbing forms - such as climbing sports, canyoneering or, especially, climbing aids - are heavily dependent on artificial protection for advancement, either by falling or directly pulling teeth. Often this type of climb involves several holes drilled to place temporary bolts and rivets, but in recent years an emphasis on clean technique has evolved.
Today, the accusations of vandalism in ascent more often are disagreements about the appropriateness of drilling and the placement of permanent bolts and other anchors. Although new fixed anchors are rarely placed by climbers, their reliance on existing fixed anchors results in the distinction between life and death. But the existing anchors remain on the climbing structure for long periods of time, altering the dynamics of the structure itself. Since the permanent impact of the anchor remains in the wilderness area, it is banned by the Wilderness Act. However, in 1990, there was a movement by the Forest Service and Working Group to change the rules to which the anchor would still be allowed but still set in the wilderness. These improvements have led to protection for climbers and the Wilderness Act. Usually in the United States, the first ascensionists decide where to place protection on a new route and the next climber should live with these choices. This can cause friction and cracks when the route is considered dangerous for climbers who actually lead at the climbing level, since the first ascensionis often leads to a higher grade and therefore does not require much protection. Failing to properly design new routes in its class is considered arrogant and badly shaped. Even in the tradition of rock climbing like Yosemite National Park, many routes are being stepped up gradually into safer standards of protection.
See also
- List and Glossary
- List of climbers
- List of climbing topics
- Deaf climbers
- Ascend organization
- A list of common words in climbing
- Related activities
- Outdoor education
- Salto del pastor (aboriginal rock gymnastics from the Canary Islands)
- International Climbing Sports Federation
References
Further reading
- Long, John (1998). How to Hike the Mountain! (How Rock Climb Series) . Helena, Mont: Falcon. ISBNÃ, 1-57540-114-2.
- Climbing in Karakoram
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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