Education in Chile is divided into preschool, primary school, secondary school, and technical or higher education (university). The level of education in Chile is:
- Pre-school: For children up to 5 years old.
- Primary school: ( EnseÃÆ' à ± anza bÃÆ'ásica ) for children aged 6-13 years, divided into 8 classes.
- Middle school: ( EnseÃÆ' à ± anza media ) for 14-17 year olds, divided into 4 classes. School divided by curriculum into:
- "Scientific-humanities". Geared to prepare students to enter university. From class 11 ( Tercero Medio ), students may choose subjects in either science (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology), or humanities (literature, history, philosophy), for further study.
- "Techniques". Designed to enable students to quickly enter the workforce after secondary education. Students are taught practical subjects in technical fields, such as electrical, mechanical, metal assembly, etc.
- Higher education:
- University ( universidad ): This is shared between "traditional" universities (public and private universities created (mostly) before reform in 1981) and private institutions.
- Professional Institute ( Instituto Profesional , IP ): Private institutions that offer professional degrees, except those granted exclusively by the university. They were created in 1981.
- Technical School Centers ( Centro de Formación TÃÆ'à © cnica , CFT ): Also created in 1981, they are private institutions that offer only a technical degree.
Video Education in Chile
Pre-school
Level:
- Sala Cuna Menor : children between the ages of 85 days to the age of one year
- Mayor Sala Cuna : children between one and two years
- Nivel Medio Menor : children between two and three years
- Nivel Medio Major : children between three and four years
- Prime Nivel TransiciÃÆ'ón or Pre-Kinder : children between four and five years
- Segundo Nivel de TransiciÃÆ'ón or Kinder : children between five and six years
The law provides free access to the last two levels of preschool. The constitutional reforms in 2013 call for legislation to expand free access to four levels, and make the final mandatory and prerequisite for elementary school entry.
Coverage for pre-school in 2009 was 37.42% (for children aged 0 to 5 years) and 44.96% (for people of all ages).
Maps Education in Chile
Primary and secondary education
The law makes primary and secondary schools mandatory for all Chileans.
The Chilean State provides an extensive system of educational vouchers covering approximately 93% of primary and secondary school students (7% of them attend non-subsidized private schools). This system is based on direct payments to schools based on daily attendance.
Schools are public (almost all owned by the commune municipality where the school is located) or private, which can receive government subsidies.
Private schools (subsidized or not) can be arranged as for or not-for-profit. To receive public funds, private schools should order 15% of seats in each class for students who are classified as "vulnerable" (based on family income and maternal education level). Schools receive additional funding for each "vulnerable" student they enroll.
Primary
The 1965 Reform stipulates basic education as the early school cycle. Prior to that, in 1920, the Chilean law had set a four-year minimum compulsory education. By 1929, the minimum had been increased to six years. In 1965 primary education was extended to eight classes, ideally designed for ages six to 13 years.
Secondary
Secondary education is shared between Scientific-Humanist (regular), Technical-Professional (vocational) and Artistic, all for four years. The first two years are the same for the three types of schools, while the third and fourth year are differentiated according to the school's orientation.
The schools that offer the Technical-Professional program are in the form of:
- Industrial School: electricity, mechanics, electronics, informatics, among others.
- Commercial School: management, accounting, secretary and the like.
- Technical School: fashion, culinary, nursery and the like.
- The Polivalent School: offers more than one career listed above.
Most students who choose vocational branches come from socioeconomic backgrounds that are less fortunate. Private schools with subscription fees collect less than 1% of students.
Compulsory education covered only eight years of primary school, but in 2003 constitutional reform was established in free and compulsory primary education for all Chilean citizens up to 21 years of age. This ensured the required twelve-year schooling, which was an unprecedented milestone in Latin America at the time.
Coverage
The net enrollment ratio (including school-age students) in 2009 was 93.19% in primary schools, and 70.70% in secondary schools, while the gross enrollment ratio (which includes students of all ages) was 106.24% in primary school and 94.68% in secondary schools.
Cost
- Voluntary tuition
- Public schools and private subsidized schools may charge for the selection process, the annual registration price (which, in 2011, can not be higher than CLP $ 3,500, or about US $ 7) and monthly tuition fees ( financiamiento compartido or "co-financing", also known as copago or "copayment"), which is voluntary to parents. Enrollment fees and tuition fees are prohibited in primary and elementary schools in these institutions. The fee for the so-called Centro de Padres is voluntary and should not be higher than the 0.5 year UTM ( Unidad Tributaria Mensual or "Monthly Tax Unit") paid up to ten installments), which is CLP $ 19,143 (about US $ 40) in 2011.
- Tuition fees are required
- Public schools and subsidized private schools have similar options and annual enrollment fees as in schools with voluntary school fees, but they are allowed to impose mandatory monthly fees, which should not be higher than 4 USE ( Unidad de SubvenciÃÆ'ón Educacional or "Education Subsidy Units"). This is equivalent to CLP $ 72,763 in 2011 (around US $ 150) in primary and secondary schools. The Cost of Parent Center is the same as in school with voluntary tuition.
- Free non-subsidized private schools set prices, which may include enrollment fees and tuition fees, as well as fees for enrolling in school (one time paid) and one for school admission (also paid once, and can be very high in some exclusive schools). There may be other payments, such as to the Parent Center or for school materials, which can be included as part of the school fee.
There is a third type of public school, called the School of Delegated Administration, which is owned by the State but is administered and financed by private companies. This can not charge a selection fee. The annual registration fee is voluntary and the same as in school with voluntary tuition. They are allowed to charge for college, but it is up to the parents to decide how much to pay. The maximum fee is 1.5 UTM per year, which is CLP $ 57,430 (approx. US $ 119) in 2011. The Parent Center fee is voluntary.
There is a fourth type of public school, run by the Ministry of Education and fully funded by the State. Currently, there is only one school like: Escuela Villa Las Estrellas at AntÃÆ'ártica.
Higher education
Reception
University
Students may choose between 16 public universities and 43 private [2]. It used to be 60 Universities, but Universidad del Mar went bankrupt and will no longer provide education. [3]
All public universities and 23 private universities use a single admissions system called PSU (Prueba de SelecciÃÆ'ón Universitaria, University Selection Test), designed and evaluated by the University of Chile, and comprises two mandatory exams, one at Mathematics and one in Language. There are also two additional special exams, Science (including Chemistry, Physics and Biology) and History, which may be required by some degree programs. The average cumulative grade achieved during secondary school is also taken into account in the final acceptance score, as well as the relative position of the students in their class and the two previous promotions. Each university gives different weight for the results of various exams for various programs on offer. Some universities may require additional tests (non-PSU) or personal interviews to enter into some programs.
There is a gap in the value of the PSU test on secondary education among public schools and private schools. This is almost 130 points of profitable difference for private schools. [4]
By 2014, a total of 247,291 people take compulsory PSU tests (nearly 71 thousand from previous promotions).
The drop out rate is 30% of the first year students. [5] The main factors are economic, vocational and psychological aspects.
IP and CFTs
Professional Institutes (PIs) and Technical Schooling Centers (CFT) require a secondary education license just for admission.
Coverage
The net enrollment ratio (covering students between 18 and 24 years) in 2009 was 28.88%, while the gross enrollment ratio (which includes students of all ages) was 38.73%.
a All private.
Cost
From 1999 to 2012 the budget for public education has increased from 3.8% of GDP to 4.5% of GDP in public spending. [6] Evidence suggests that Chile spends nearly 40% more of its GDP in higher education compared to the average OECD countries, than 2.4% of GDP in Chile compared to 1.7% of GDP in the OECD average [7 ]
- Note: This section is outdated. Beginning in 2016, 30 public and private universities are now free of charge for students who are among the poorest 50% of the population.
All universities, institutes and technical schools in Chile charge registration fees and tuition fees. However, there are some government scholarships programs that are awarded to students based on achievement or needs. Students who are socioeconomically disadvantaged from an officially recognized educational institution may seek loans through a private bank with the State acting as collateral ("CrÃÆ'à © dito con Aval del Estado", CAE). There are also lending programs offered by the government exclusively to socially disadvantaged students from "traditional" universities ("Fondo Solidario de Crà © à © dito Universitario", FSCU). These loans - private and public - have a 2% fixed interest rate and must be repaid by the student upon graduation. For CAE loans, the pay is equivalent to 10% of the former student's annual salary, and 5% for the FSCU loan. Debt is written off after 15 years for CAE loans, and 12 for FSCU loans. Most scholarships and loan programs offered by the government only include the annual "reference" education fee calculated by the government for each program. The gap between actual reference and tuition fees can be substantial in some private (and even public) educational institutions. Students are required to maintain certain levels of academic achievement to maintain benefits, which may vary from institution to institution.
There are also government-funded programs that give students: monthly salaries, debit cards to buy food, and student cards to pay for cheaper transportation. All programs (except transportation) are based on achievements, needs, customary backgrounds or geographical dwellings.
In 2012 947,063 students are enrolled in higher education programs. Of these, 548,119 (58%) received scholarships or loans from the government. Of the totality of programs provided during 2012 (623,086, students can benefit from more than one program), scholarships represent 35% and loans 65% (14% FSCU and 51% CAE).
School year
The school year is divided into semesters. The first half runs from late February or early March to early July. After school break two weeks break back and lasts until late November or early December, followed by summer vacation.
Date set by Ministry of Education in each Region. For example, in 2014 the start of the class is March 5 for regular students in the Metropolitan Region of Santiago; winter holidays run from 14 to 25 July, with the second half starting on 28 July; classes ending at 5, 12 or 19 December, depending on the length of the program within weeks (38 to 40); students graduating from high school (fourth level of secondary education) final grade on November 14, giving them time to prepare for university entrance test (PSU).
Educational reform
Chile in 2014 is undergoing significant reforms to the publicly funded education system. One of the first proposals sent to Congress included a mandatory ban on collective payments, the removal of the existing selection process and the conversion of nonprofit schools into non-profit organizations. Another proposal (announced, but not yet sent to Congress) is to provide free high education for students in 60% of the poorest population; this will apply to "traditional" university students and "accredited" and nonprofit technical education centers and professional institutes.
See also
- 2006 student protests in Chile
- student protests 2011 in Chile
- Reform of Chilean universities
- Chilean Ministry of Education
- List of Chilean region rank # With net enrollment ratio in education
- List of Chilean region rank # With gross enrollment ratio in education
References
External links
- OECD Education Policy Outlook: Chile
- Department of Education
- EducarChile
- Chile University and High School
- Information about education in Chile, OECD - Contains indicators and information about Chile and how it compares to other OECD and non-OECD countries
- Chart of the Chilean education system, OECD - Using the 1997 ISCED classification of programs and typical ages. Also in the country language
- Vocational Education in Chile, UNESCO-UNEVOC - country profile with information on policies, financing, qualification frameworks and challenges in Vocational Education.
Source of the article : Wikipedia