Electronic engineering (also called electronics and communication techniques ) is an electrical engineering discipline that utilizes nonlinear and active electrical components (such as semiconductor devices, especially transistors, diodes and integrated circuits) to design electronic circuits, devices, VLSI devices, and systems. Discipline usually also designs passive electrical components, usually based on printed circuit boards.
Electronics is a sub-field in broader electrical engineering subjects but shows a wide engineering field that includes subfields such as analog electronics, digital electronics, consumer electronics, embedded systems and power electronics. Electronic engineering deals with the application of applications, principles and algorithms developed in many related fields, such as solid state physics, radio engineering, telecommunications, control systems, signal processing, systems engineering, computer engineering, instrumentation engineering, electrical power control, robotics, and many again.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is one of the most important and influential organizations for electronic engineers.
Video Electronic engineering
Relationship with electrical engineering
Electronics is a sub-field in broader electrical engineering subjects. An academic degree with a major in electronics engineering can be obtained from several universities, while other universities use electrical engineering as a subject. The term electrical engineer is still used in the academic world to include electronic engineers. However, some people consider the term 'electrical engineer' to be reserved for those who specialize in high or current power or current high voltage techniques, while others consider that power is only one part of electrical engineering, as well as 'electrical distribution techniques'. The term 'power engineering' is used as a describer in the industry. Again, in recent years there has been the growth of separate degrees of degrees such as 'information engineering', 'systems engineering' and 'communication systems engineering', often followed by academic departments of similar names, which are not usually regarded as subfields electronic engineering but electrical engineering.
Maps Electronic engineering
History
Electronic engineering as a profession originated from technological improvements in the telegraph industry in the late 19th century and radio and telephone industry at the beginning of the 20th century. People are attracted to the radio by an inspired technical attraction, first in receiving and then in transmission. Many who went into broadcasting in the 1920s were just 'amateurs' in the period before World War I.
For the most part, the modern discipline of electronic engineering was born out of the development of telephones, radios, and television equipment and a large number of electronic system development during World War II radar, sonar, communication systems, and advanced ammunition and weapon systems. In the interwar years, the subject was known as a radio technique and only in the late 1950s the term electronic engineering began to emerge.
Electronics
In the field of electronic engineering, engineers design and test circuits that use the electromagnetic properties of electrical components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, diodes and transistors to achieve certain functions. The tuner circuit, which allows radio users to filter all but one single station, is just one example of the circuit.
In designing integrated circuits, the first electronic engineers constructed circuit schemes that determined the electrical components and described the interconnections between them. When completed, the VLSI engineer transforms the scheme into an actual layout, which maps the layers of the various conductors and semiconductor materials necessary to build the circuit. Conversion from scheme to layout can be done by software (see automation of electronic design) but very often require human adjustment to reduce space and power consumption. Once the layout is complete, it can be sent to the fabrication plant for manufacture.
For medium complexity systems, engineers can use VHDL modeling for programmable logic devices and FPGA
Integrated circuits, FPGAs and other electrical components can then be assembled on printed circuit boards to form more complicated circuits. Currently, printed circuit boards are found in most electronic devices including televisions, computers, and audio players.
Subfields
Electronic engineering has many sub areas. This section describes some of the most popular subfields in electronic engineering; although there are engineers who focus exclusively on one subfield, there are also many who focus on the combination of subfields.
Signal processing deals with signal analysis and manipulation. The signal can be analog, in which case the signal varies continuously according to information, or digitally, in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values ​​that represent information.
For analog signals, signal processing may involve amplification and filtering of audio signals for audio equipment or modulation and demodulation of signals for telecommunications. For digital signals, signal processing may involve compression, error checking and digital signal error detection.
Telecommunication Engineering deals with the transmission of information in channels such as coaxial, fiber optic, or empty space.
Transmission in free space requires information to be encoded in a carrier wave to shift information to a carrier frequency suitable for transmission, this is known as modulation. Popular analog modulation techniques include amplitude modulation and frequency modulation. Modulation options affect the cost and performance of the system and both of these factors must be carefully balanced by the engineer.
Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, the telecommunications engineer designs the transmitter and receiver required for the system. Both are sometimes combined to form a two-way communication device known as a transceiver. The main consideration in the design of the transmitter is their power consumption because it is closely related to their signal strength. If the transmitter signal's power is not sufficient, the signal information will be damaged by noise.
Electromagnetic is an in-depth study of signals transmitted in channels (Cable or Wireless). These include the Basics of Electromagnetic waves, Transmission Lines and Waveguides, Antennas, types and their applications with Radio-Frequency (RF) and Microwaves. These applications are widely seen in other sub-fields such as Telecommunication, Control, and Instrumentation Techniques.
Control engineering has a wide range of applications from aviation systems and commercial aircraft propulsion to cruise controls that exist in many modern cars. It also plays an important role in industrial automation.
Control engineers often utilize feedback while designing a control system. For example, in a car with cruise control, the vehicle speed is constantly monitored and fed back to the system that adjusts the engine power output accordingly. Where there is regular feedback, control theory can be used to determine how the system responds to the feedback.
Instrumentation Engineering deals with device design to measure physical quantities such as pressure, flow and temperature. This device is known as instrumentation.
Such instrumentation design requires a good understanding of the physics that often goes beyond electromagnetic theory. For example, radar guns use the Doppler effect to measure the speed of an impending vehicle. Similarly, thermocouples use the Peltier-Seebeck effect to measure the temperature difference between two points.
Often instrumentation is not used by itself, but as a sensor of a larger electrical system. For example, a thermocouple can be used to help ensure the temperature of the furnace remains constant. For this reason, instrumentation engineering is often seen as a counterpart of control engineering.
Computer engineering deals with computer design and computer systems. This may involve the design of a new computer hardware, PDA design or the use of a computer to control an industrial plant. Development of embedded systems - systems created for specific tasks (eg, mobile phones) - are also included in this field. This field includes the micro controller and its application. Computer engineers can also work on the system software. However, the design of complex software systems is often the domain of software engineering, which is usually regarded as a separate discipline.
VLSI design engineering VLSI stands for very large scale integration . It deals with the fabrication of ICs and various electronic components.
Software Development . In the Philippines, under the Republic of 9292 Act, the 2004 Electrical Engineering Act, software development is part of the scope of Electronic Engineering work. Software development includes software and programming languages ​​such as SAP systems, Oracle, Microsoft, Java, Web Development, and Mobile Application Development.
Education and training
Electronic engineers usually have an academic degree with a major in electronics engineering. The length of study for such a degree is usually three or four years and a completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Applied Science, or Bachelor of Technology depending on the university. Many UK universities also offer Master of Engineering (MEng) degrees at the graduate level.
Some electronic engineers also choose to pursue a postgraduate degree such as Master of Science, Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering, or Doctor of Engineering. Master's degrees are being introduced at several European and American Universities as the first degree and differentiation of an engineer with postgraduate and graduate studies are often difficult. In this case, experience is taken into account. A master's degree may consist of research, coursework or a mixture of both. The Doctor of Philosophy consists of a significant research component and is often seen as an entrance to academia.
In most countries, an engineering degree is the first step toward certification and the degree program itself is certified by a professional body. Certification allows engineers to legally sign plans for projects that affect public safety. Upon completion of the certified degree program, engineers must meet various requirements, including the requirements of work experience, before being certified. After being certified, the engineer is appointed as a Professional Engineer (in the United States, Canada and South Africa), Chartered Engineer or Incorporated Engineer (in England, Ireland, India and Zimbabwe), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or European engineers (in most European Union).
Degree in electronics generally includes units that include physics, chemistry, mathematics, project management and specific topics in electrical engineering. Initially, the topic covers most, if not all, of the subfields of electronic engineering. Students then choose to specialize in one or more subfields at the end of the level.
The basis for discipline is the science of physics and mathematics as it helps to obtain both qualitative and quantitative descriptions of how the system will work. Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is common to use computer-assisted software design and simulation software programs when designing electronic systems. Although most electronic engineers will understand the basic circuit theory, the theories used by engineers generally depend on the work they do. For example, quantum mechanics and solid state physics may be relevant to an engineer working on VLSI but largely irrelevant for engineers working with embedded systems.
Regardless of the electromagnetic and network theory, other items in the syllabus are specific to the electronic engineering course. Electrical Engineering programs have other specializations such as machinery, power generation and distribution. This list does not include an extensive engineering mathematics curriculum which is a prerequisite for a degree.
Electromagnetic
Vector calculus elements: divergence and curl; Gauss 'and Stokes' theorem, Maxwell's equations: differential and integral forms. Wave equation, Poynting vector. Plane waves: propagation through various media; reflection and refraction; phase and group speed; the depth of the skin. Transmission line: impedance characteristics; impedance transformation; Chart Smith; impedance matching; pulse excitation. Waveguides: modes in rectangular waveguides; boundary conditions; cut-off frequency; dispersion relationship. Antenna: Dipole antenna; antenna array; radiation pattern; reciprocal theorem, antenna gain.
Network analysis
Network graph: matrices associated with charts; incidence, set of base pieces, and fundamental circuit matrices. Solution method: nodal and mesh analysis. Network theorem: superposition, Thevenin and Norton maximum power transfer, Wye-Delta transformation. Steady state sinusoidal analysis using phasor. Differential equations coefficient of linear constants; time domain analysis of simple RLC circuit, Solution of network equations using Laplace transform: domain frequency analysis of RLC circuit. 2-port network parameters: driving point and transfer function. The state equation for the network.
Electronic devices and circuits
Electronic devices : Energy bands in silicon, intrinsic and extrinsic silicon. Transport carrier in silicon: diffusion current, drifting current, mobility, resistivity. Generation and recombination operator. p-n junction diode, Zener diode, tunnel diode, BJT, JFET, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, p-i-n and photo avalanche diode, LASER. Device technology: integrated circuit fabrication process, oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation, photolithography, n-tub, p-tub and twin-tub CMOS process.
Analog circuit : Equivalent circuit (large and small signal) diode, BJT, JFET, and MOSFET. Simple diode circuit, clipping, clamping, rectifier. Biasing and bias stability of transistors and FET amplifiers. Amplifier: single and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis of amplifiers; amplifier frequency response. Simple op-amp circuit. Filter. Sinusoidal Oscillator; criteria for oscillation; configuration of one transistor and op-amp. Generator function and waveform circuitry, power supply.
Digital circuits : Boolean Functions (NOT, AND, OR, XOR,...). Digital logic family IC gates (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, and decoders. Circuit sequence: hook and flip-flops, counters and shift registers. Sample and hold circuit, ADC, DAC. Memories of semiconductors. 8086 microprocessor: architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfaces.
Signals and systems
Definitions and properties of Laplace Transformation, Fourier series of time-continuous and discrete, time-continuous and time-discrete Fourier transforms, z-transforms. Sampling theorem. Time-Invariant Linear Systems (LTI): definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, pole and zero frequency response, group delay, phase delay. Transmission signal through LTI system. Random signal and noise: probability, random variable, probability density function, autocorrelation, power spectral density, functional analogies between vectors & amp; function.
System control
Basic control system components; description of block diagram, reduction of block diagram - Mason rule. Open loop and closed loop (negative union feedback) system and stability analysis of this system. Graph of the signal flow and its use in determining the system transfer function; analysis of transient and steady conditions of the LTI control system and frequency response. Analysis of steady state noise rejection and noise sensitivity.
Tools and techniques for analysis and design of LTI control systems: loci root, Routh-Hurwitz stability criteria, Bode and Nyquist plots. Compensator control system: lead element and lag compensation, elements of Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller (PID). Discrete system of continuous time using Zero-order hold (ZOH) and ADC for implementation of digital controller. Limitations of digital controller: aliasing. Representation of state variables and solution of state equation of LTI control system. Linearization of Nonlinear dynamic system with space-state realization in both frequency and time domain. The basic concept of control and observation for the MIMO LTI system. Realization of the state space: canonical form that can be observed and controlled. The Ackermann formula for placement of the country's feedback poles. Full order design and reduced order estimator.
Communications
Analog communication systems: amplitude and angular modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis of these operations, superheterodyne noise conditions.
Digital communication system: pulse code modulation (PCM), differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), delta modulation (DM), digital modulation - amplitude, phase-shifting scheme and frequency-shift (ASK, PSK, FSK ), match-filter receiver, bandwidth considerations and possible error calculations for this scheme, GSM, TDMA.
Professional body
The professional bodies of records for electrical engineers include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) (now renamed the Engineering and Technology Institution or IET). Members of the Institute of Engineering and Technology (MIET) are recognized professionally in Europe, as electrical engineers and computers (technology). IEEE claims to produce 30 percent of the world's literature in electrical/electronic engineering, has over 430,000 members, and holds over 450 sponsored or sponsored IEEE conferences worldwide each year. SMIEEE is a recognized professional name in the United States.
Engineering projects
For most engineers who are not involved in the spearhead of system design and development, technical work only accounts for a small fraction of the work they do. Much time is also spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing budgets and determining project schedules. Many senior engineers run a team of technicians or other engineers and for this reason, project management skills are important. Most engineering projects involve some form of documentation and strong written communication skills are therefore very important.
The workplace of electronic engineers is as diverse as the kind of work they do. Electronic engineers can be found in pure laboratory environment of fabrication plants, consulting firm offices or in research laboratories. During their lifetime, electronics engineers may find themselves overseeing various individuals including scientists, electricians, computer programmers, and other engineers.
Alienation of technical skills is a serious problem for electronic engineers. Membership and participation in the technical community, periodic regular review in the field and ongoing learning habits are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency. And this is mostly used in the field of consumer electronics products.
See also
- List of electrical and electronic engineering terms
- Electronic engineering technology
- List of electro (alphabetical) engineering topics
- List of electrical engineers
- Timeline for electrical and electronic engineering
- List of companies manufacturing mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment based on revenue
References
External links
- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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