The House of Commons of Canada is the component of the Canadian Parliament, together with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor-General) and the Senate. The House of Commons is located in the Parliament Hill Center Block in Ottawa.
The House of Commons is a democratically elected body whose members are known as Members of Parliament (MP). There are 308 members in the last parliament (mostly members elected in 2011), but that number has increased to 338 after the election on Monday 19 October 2015. Members are elected by simple plurality (the "first-past-the-post" system) in each of the country's election districts, whose colloquial is known as rapture . MPs may hold office until the Parliament is dissolved and serves for limited constitutional requirements up to five years after the election. Nevertheless, historically, the terms have expired before the end of their term of office and the general sitting authorities have dissolved the parliament within four years after the election in accordance with the existing convention. However, the Law of Parliament now limits any time period to four years.
The seats in the House of Commons are distributed roughly in proportion to the population of each province and region. However, some riders are more numerous than others, and the Canadian constitution contains some special provisions regarding provincial representation. As a result, there are several interprovincial malapportionments and relative to population.
The House of Commons was founded in 1867, when the British North American Law - now called the Constitution Act, 1867 - created the Dominion of Canada, and modeled on the British House of Commons. Lower than the two houses that make up the parliament, the House of Commons in practice has much greater powers than the upper house, the Senate. Although approval from both Houses is required for legislation, the Senate very rarely rejects bills authorized by the commons (though the Senate sometimes changes bills). In addition, the Cabinet is fully responsible to the House of Commons. Prime ministers remain in office only as long as they maintain support, or "confidence", from the lower house.
Video House of Commons of Canada
Name
This term is derived from the Anglo-Norman word komun, referring to the "society" geographically and collectively from their parliamentary representatives and not the third, in common. This distinction is made clear in the official French name of the agency, Chambre des communes . Canada and Britain remain the only countries that use the name "House of Commons" for the lower house of parliament.
Maps House of Commons of Canada
History
The House of Commons came into existence in 1867, when the British Parliament passed the North American Act of Britain, uniting the Canadian Province (separated into Quebec and Ontario), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick into a single federation called Dominion of Canada.. The new Canadian Parliament consists of the Queen (represented by the Governor-General, who also represents the Colonial Office), the Senate and the House of Commons. The Canadian Parliament is based on the Westminster model (ie the British Parliament model). Unlike the Royal Parliament, the power of the Canadian Parliament is limited because other powers are assigned exclusively to the provincial legislature. The Canadian Parliament also remains under the British Parliament, the highest legislative authority for the entire United Kingdom. Larger autonomy was given by the Statute of Westminster 1931, after which the new British Parliament Act did not apply to Canada, with a few exceptions. The exception was removed by the Canadian Act of 1982. From 1867, the Commons met in the same room until it was destroyed by fire in 1916. The place was moved to the amphitheater at the Victoria Memorial Museum - now a Canadian Natural Museum, where it meets until 1922. Since then, the Communist Council has been sitting in his office at this time.
Members and electoral district
The House of Commons consists of 338 members, each representing a single election district (also called equestrian ). The Constitution establishes a minimum base of 295 electoral districts, but additional seats are allocated according to various clauses. Seats are distributed among provinces in proportion to the population, as determined by each ten-year census, subject to the following exceptions made by the constitution. First, the "senatorial clause" guarantees that each province will have at least as many members of parliament as the Senator. Secondly, the "grandfather clause" guarantees that every province has at least as many members of Parliament now as it did in 1985.
As a result of these clauses, the smaller provinces and provinces that experienced a decline in the relative population have become over-represented in the DPR. Ontario, British Columbia and Alberta are underrepresented in the proportion of their population, while the other seven provinces (Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland and Labrador) are more represented. The delimiter, appointed by the federal government for each province, has the duty to draw election district boundaries in each province. Territorial representation does not depend on the population; each region is only entitled to one seat. The calculation for the province is based on 279 seats. The total population of the province (excluding the territory) is then divided by 279 to match the voters' voting . The population of the province was then divided by election results to match the provincial seat-allocation of seats. The "special clause" was then applied to increase the number of seats for a particular province, bringing the total number of seats (with three seats for the territory) to 338.
The redistribution of the last seat occurred after the 2011 census. The Fair Representation Act (Bill C-20) was ratified and granted royal approval on December 16, 2011, and effectively allocated fifteen additional seats to Ontario, six new seats respectively for Alberta and British Columbia , and three more to Quebec.
The following table summarizes the representation in the House of Representatives by province and territory:
(-> increase for federal elections 2015)
Selection
Elections take place every time the Parliament is dissolved by the governor-general on behalf of the king. The timing of dissolution has historically been chosen by the prime minister. The Constitution Act, 1867, stipulates that Parliament endures no more than five years. Canada's election law requires that elections should be held on the third Monday of October in the fourth year after the last election, subject to the wisdom of the Crown. Campaign must be at least 36 days old. Candidates are usually nominated by political parties. It is possible for a candidate to walk independently, although rarely does such a candidate win. The most successful independent candidates are holders who were expelled from their political parties (eg, John Nunziata in 1997) or who failed to win their party nominations (eg, Chuck Cadman in 2004). The most recent exception to this was the election of AndrÃÆ' © Arthur in the district of Quebec City in 2006. Most Canadian candidates were elected at a meeting called by their local party association. In practice, candidates who register the most local party members generally win the nomination.
In order to run in the House of Representatives, candidates must submit nomination paper with signatures of at least 50 or 100 constituents (depending on the size of the electoral districts). Each electoral district returns one member using the first-pass-post-election system, in which a candidate with a number of votes wins. To vote, a person must be a Canadian citizen and at least eighteen years of age.
Once elected, Members of Parliament usually continue to serve until the dissolution of the next Parliament. If a member dies, resigns, or stops being eligible, his seat becomes vacant. It is also possible the House of Commons to issue a member, but this power is only done when a member has committed a serious offense or criminal activity. Earlier, appointed MPs for the cabinet were expected to withdraw from their seats, although this practice ceased in 1931. In each case, vacancies could be filled by elections in the appropriate electoral districts. The first-past-the-post system is used in elections, as in elections.
Perquisites
The term members of Parliament is usually used only to refer to members of the House of Representatives, even though the Senate is also a part of Parliament. Members of the House of Commons may use the post-nominal letter "MP". The annual salary of each Member of Parliament is, by 2017, $ 172,700; members may receive an additional salary to the right of the other office they hold (for example, Speaker). Members of parliament rank immediately under the senators in the order of precedence.
Qualification
Under the Constitution Act, 1867, Parliament is empowered to determine the qualifications of members of the House of Representatives. This qualification is outlined in the Canadian Election Law, adopted in 2000. Under the law, an individual must become an eligible voter, on the day in which he is nominated, to be a candidate. Thus, minors and individuals who are not Canadian citizens are not allowed to become candidates. Canada's election law also prohibits detainees from voting (although they may vote). In addition, persons found guilty of election-related crimes are prohibited from membership for five years (in some cases, seven years) after confidence.
The action also prohibits certain officials from standing for the House of Commons. These officers include provincial and territorial legislators (though this is not always the case), sheriffs, crown lawyers, most judges, and election officials. Chief Electoral Officer and Assistant Chief Electoral Officer (head of Canada Elections, the federal agency responsible for electing) are prohibited not only from standing as candidates but also from voting. Finally, under the Constitution Act, 1867, a Senate member may not also be a member of the House of Representatives and members of parliament must hand over their seats when appointed to the Senate or the bench.
Officers and symbols
The House of Commons elects a chairman, known as the Speaker, at the beginning of each new parliamentary period, and also whenever there is a vacancy. Previously, the Prime Minister determined who would serve as Speaker. Although the House of Representatives voted for this issue, voting was a mere formality. Since 1986, however, the House has elected Speakers by secret ballot. The speaker is assisted by the Vice Chairman, who also holds the title of Chairman of the Whole Committee. Two other deputies - the Vice Chairman of the Whole Committee and Assistant Vice Chairman of the Whole Committee - also chaired. The duties of leading the Council are shared between the four officers mentioned above; however, Speakers usually lead the most important Question and debate Period.
Speakers control the debate by calling members to speak. If a member believes that a rule (or Standing Order) has been violated, they can raise a "point of order", in which the Speaker makes a decision that is not subject to any debate or appeal. Speakers can also discipline members who fail to comply with the rules of the DPR. When leading, Speakers must remain impartial. The speaker also oversaw the administration of the House and Chair of the Council of the Internal Economy, the governing body for the House of Commons. The current speaker of the House of Commons is the Honorable Geoff Regan, MP.
Members of the Government responsible for directing legislation through the House are Government Leaders in the House of Commons. The Government House Leader (as he is better known) is a Member of Parliament elected by the Prime Minister and holds the cabinet rank. The Leader arranges the House of Commons schedule, and tries to secure the Opposition's support for the Government's legislative agenda.
Non-members of the House of Representatives include the Clerk of the House of Commons, Deputy Officers, Legal Officers and Parliamentary Advisers, and several other clerks. This Officer advised Speakers and members on the rules and procedures of the DPR in addition to carrying out senior management functions in the administration of the DPR. Another important officer is the Sergeant-Weapon, whose job includes the maintenance of order and security in the Parliament building and inside the buildings of the Parliament police station. (RCMP patrols Parliament Hill but is not allowed into the building unless requested by the Speaker). Sergeant-in-Arms also carries the ceremonial mace, the symbol of Crown authority and the House of Commons, into each House sitting. The DPR is also administered by a parliamentary page, which carries messages to members in the Chamber and instead provides assistance to the House.
The Commons' mace has a medieval monster form used as a weapon, but in brass and ornaments in detail and symbolism. In his round head is a replica of Imperial State Crown; This crowning choice for Commons mace sets it apart from the Senate mace, which has St Edward's Crown at its peak. The Commons mace is placed on the table in front of the speaker during the duration of sitting with the crown pointing towards the prime minister and other cabinet ministers, who advised the Queen and the governor-general and responsible to this room (in the Senate chamber, the hammer pointed towards the throne, The queen has the right to sit alone).
Carved on the speaker's seat is Royal Arms of the United Kingdom. This chair was a gift from the Royal United Kingdom of the Royal Parliamentary Association in 1921, to replace the chair destroyed by a fire in 1916, and was an exact replica of the chair at the British House of Commons at the time. These arms at the top were regarded as royal weapons for general purpose throughout the British Empire at the time. Since 1931, however, Canada has become an independent state and the Canadian Coat is now conceived of as Queen Royal Canada's royal weapon. Escutcheons of the same original royal weapon can be found on each side of the speaker's seat held by lions and unicorns.
In response to a campaign by Bruce Hicks for the Canadaisation of the symbols of royal authority and to advance the identity of parliamentary institutions, a proposal supported by House of Commons Speakers John Fraser and Gilbert Parent, the Commons Committee was struck down following a motion by MP Derek Lee, before Hicks and Robert Watt, the first Canadian Head of Herald, were summoned as the only two expert witnesses, although Senator Serge Joyal joined the committee on behalf of the Senate. The Commons speaker Peter Milliken then asked the governor-general to endorse such symbols. In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons and the House of Lords use the royal badges of portcullis, each in green and red, to represent these institutions and to distinguish them from the government, the courts and the king. The Canadian Heraldic Authority on April 15, 2008 awarded the House of Commons, as an institution, a badge consisting of a mace of chambers (as described above) behind the emblem of the Royal Arms of Canada shield (in its House of Command Commons deliberates).
Procedures
Like the Senate, the House of Commons meets at Parliament Hill in Ottawa. The Commons Chamber is decorated in green, in contrast to the more luxurious red Senate Chamber. The arrangement is similar to the Room design of the British House of Commons. The chairs are split evenly between the two sides of the Chamber, three separate sword tips (about three meters). Speaker Chairs (which can be adjusted for altitude) are at the northern end of the Chamber. In front of it is Table House, where is located a rosy ceremony. Various "Desk Officers" - clerks and other officials - sit at the Desk, ready to advise the Speaker about the procedure when necessary. Members of the Government sit on the bench on the Speaker's right, while Opposition members occupy the bench to the left of the Speaker. Government ministers sit around the Prime Minister, who is traditionally assigned to the 11th seat in the front row on the right side of the Speaker. The Official Opposition leader sits directly opposite the Prime Minister and is surrounded by the Shadow Cabinet, or criticism for the government's portfolio. The remaining party leaders sit in the front row. Other Members of Parliament who do not hold any special responsibility are known as "backbenchers".
The House of Representatives usually sits Monday through Friday from late January to mid June and from mid September to mid December according to a defined calendar, although it can modify the calendar if additional or fewer sittings are needed. During this period, the House of Representatives generally rose for one week per month to allow members to work in their constituents. Sittings House is open to the public. Proceedings are broadcast via cable and satellite television and via streaming live video on the Internet by CPAC owned by a consortium of Canadian cable companies. They are also recorded in printed and online form on Hansard, the official report of the parliamentary debate.
The Constitution Act, 1867 establishes a quorum of twenty members (including chairman members) for the House of Commons. Each member may request the number of members to ensure the presence of the quorum; However, if the Speaker feels that at least twenty members are clearly in the Chamber, he may refuse the request. If counting occurs, and reveals that fewer than twenty members are present, Speakers order to ring a bell, so that other members in the parliamentary area can come to the Chamber. If, after a matter of seconds, the quorum still does not exist, the Speaker shall postpone the Council until the next day.
During the debate, members can only speak if called by the Speaker (or, as is most often the case, the vice chairman). Speakers are responsible for ensuring that members of all parties have a chance to be heard. The speaker also determines who will speak if two or more members rise simultaneously, but the decision can be changed by the House. Motions must be moved by one member and supported by another before the debate can begin. Some movements, however, are not debatable.
Speeches can be made in one of Canada's official languages ​​(English and French), and it is customary for bilingual lawmakers to respond to these in the same language they are made. It is common for bilingual lawmakers to switch between languages ​​during a speech. Members must deliver their speech to the chairman's office, not the House, using the words "Speaker" ("Monsieur le Prà © © sident ") or "Madame la Pré" (" Madame la Prà © sidente "). Other members should be referred to a third person. Traditionally, members do not refer to each other by name, but by constituency or cabinet post, using forms such as "honorable members for [election area]" or "Minister..." Members' names are routinely used only during the roll call votes, at where members stand and are named for their voices to be recorded; at that time they are referred to by the title ( Ms. or mister for Anglophones and madame , mademoiselle , or monsieur for Francophones) and last name, except where members have the same or similar last name, at which point they will be registered with their name and lodgings ( "M. Massà © Ã… ©, Avignon- - La Mitis - Matane - MatapÃÆ' © he, Mr. Masse, Windsor West.... )
No member can speak more than once on the same question (except that the movers of a movement are entitled to make one speech at the beginning of the debate and one at the end). In addition, repetitive or irrelevant comments are prohibited, as are written statements that are read to the record (although this behavior creeps into the modern debate). The chairman may order a member to make such a statement to stop speaking. The Standing Orders of the House of Commons sets a deadline for speech. The limit depends on the nature of movement, but most often between ten and twenty minutes. However, under certain circumstances, the Prime Minister, the Official Opposition Leader, and others are entitled to make a longer speech. The debate can be further limited by the passage of the "time allocation" movement. Or, the House of Representatives may end the debate faster by submitting a motion for "closure".
When the debate ends, the intended movement is inserted into the sound. The first House of Representatives votes with a vote; the chairman asks questions, and the members respond either "yes" (support the movement) or "no" (against the movement). The presiding officer then announced the results of the ballot, but five or more members could challenge his judgment, thus forcing a sound recording (known as a division, though, in fact, the House of Representatives did not share votes by the British House of Commons no). Firstly, members who support the movement rise, so the clerks can record their names and voices. Then, the same procedure is repeated for members opposed to movement. There is no formal way to record abstain, although members can be informally abstinent by staying seated during the division. If there is a sound equivalent, Speaker has a casting sound.
The results of most of the voices are mostly known before, because political parties usually instruct members on how to vote. A party usually entrusts some Members of Parliament, known as a whip, with the task of ensuring that all members of the party choose as they wish. Members of Parliament do not tend to vote against these instructions, as those who do so may not reach the higher political ranks in their party. An unauthorized member may be re-elected as the party's official candidate during the election in the future, and, in serious cases, may be expelled from their party directly. Thus, the independence of Members of Parliament tends to be very low, and the "table revolt" by members who are dissatisfied with their party policies are rare. But in some circumstances, the parties declare "free voice", which allows Members to vote as they please. This can be done on moral and routine issues on private member bills.
Committee
The Canadian Parliament uses the committee for various purposes. Committees consider bills in detail, and can make changes. Other committees examine various Government agencies and ministries.
Potentially, the largest Commons committee is the Whole Committee, which, as the name suggests, consists of all members of the House of Representatives. A Whole Committee met in the Chamber of Commerce, but the results were below the modified rules of the debate. (For example, a member may make more than one speech with a motion in the Whole Committee, but not during the normal session of the House.) Instead of the Chairman, Chair, Deputy Chair, or Assistant Deputy Chairperson. The House of Representatives resolves itself to be a Whole Committee to discuss the bill of provisions, and sometimes to other laws.
The House of Commons also has several standing committees, each of which has responsibility for a particular governmental area (eg, finance or transportation). These committees oversee relevant government departments, may hold hearings and gather evidence on government operations and review departmental expenditure plans. Standing committees can also consider and change bills. The standing committee consists of between sixteen and eighteen members each, and elects their own chairman.
Some bills are considered by the legislative committee, each consisting of up to fifteen members. Membership of each legislative committee roughly reflects the strength of parties throughout the House. A legislative committee is appointed on an ad hoc basis to study and modify certain bills. In addition, the chairman of the legislative committee is not elected by committee members, but instead appointed by the Chair, usually from among his deputies. Most bills, however, refer to standing committees rather than legislative committees.
Parliament can also create ad hoc committees to learn things other than bills. Such committees are known as special committees. Any such body, such as a legislative committee, may consist of no more than fifteen members. Other committees include a joint committee, which includes members of the House of Representatives and senators; the committee may hold hearings and oversee the government, but not revise the law.
Legislative function
Although the law can be introduced in one of the Houses, most of the bill comes from the House of Commons.
In accordance with the British model, the lower house itself is authorized to initiate bills that impose taxes or withdraw public funds. Restrictions on the strength of the Senate are not merely a matter of convention, but explicitly stated in the Constitution Act, 1867. Otherwise, the power of both Parliamentary Councils is theoretically the same; each approval is required for the bill.
In practice, however, the House of Commons is the dominant parliamentary room, with the Senate rarely exercising its powers in a way that defies the will of democratically elected rooms. The last major bill that was defeated in the Senate took place in 2010, when a bill passed by the Commons on climate change was rejected in the upper house by the vote.
A clause in the Constitution Act, 1867 allowed the Governor-General (with Queen's consent) to appoint up to eight additional senators to resolve the deadlock between the two houses. The clause was only one time, in 1990, when Prime Minister Brian Mulroney suggested the appointment of eight additional senators to secure the approval of the Upstream Council on Goods and Services Tax. Relationship
with Her Majesty's Government
Although not formally selecting the prime minister, the House of Commons indirectly controls the prime minister. By convention, the prime minister is responsible, and must retain support, the House of Commons. Thus, whenever the prime minister's office falls vacant, the governor-general has the duty to appoint the person most likely to lead the DPR's support - usually the largest party leader in the lower house, even though this system allows a coalition of two or more parties. This is not the case in the Canadian federal parliament, but has occurred in Canadian provinces. The leader of the second largest party (or in the case of the coalition, the largest party of the government) usually becomes the Official Opposition Leader. In addition, the prime minister is, by unwritten convention, a member of the House of Representatives, and not from the Senate. Only two prime ministers are regulated from the Senate: Sir John Abbott (1891-1892) and Sir Mackenzie Bowell (1894-1896). Both men got jobs after the Prime Minister's death, and did not follow the election.
The prime minister can only remain in the office as long as he retains the trust of the House of Commons. The lower house may indicate a lack of support for the government by rejecting a confidence motion, or by giving a vote of no confidence. Crucial bills that form part of the government agenda are generally regarded as a matter of trust, as are taxes or expense bills and annual budgets. When the government loses the trust of the House of Commons, the prime minister is obliged to resign, or ask the governor-general to dissolve parliament, sparking elections. The Governor-General may theoretically refuse to dissolve parliament, thereby forcing the prime minister to resign. The last example of a governor-general who refused to give dissolution was in 1926.
Except when forced to request dissolution by an adverse vote on the matter of confidence, the prime minister is allowed to choose the time of dissolution, and consequently the election time. The time chosen reflects political considerations, and is generally the most favorable for the prime minister party. However, no parliamentary term can survive for more than five years from the first sitting of Parliament; automatic dissolution after the end of this period. Typically, Parliament does not last for five full years; the prime minister usually asks for dissolution after about three or four years. The 2006 Conservative Government introduced the bill to set a permanent election date every four years, although elections are still permitted. The bill is approved by parliament and has now become law.
Whatever the reason - the end of the five-year term of parliament, the choice of prime minister, or the government's defeat in the House of Commons - dissolution followed by elections. If the prime minister party maintains its majority in the House of Commons, then the prime minister can remain in power. On the other hand, if his party loses a majority, the prime minister may resign, or may seek to remain in power by winning support from other party members. A prime minister may resign even though he is not in the elect (eg, for personal health reasons); in such cases, the prime minister is given to the new leader of the outgoing prime minister party.
The House of Commons examines the ministers of Crown through the Question Period , a period of forty-five minutes daily as members have the opportunity to ask questions from other prime ministers and Cabinet ministers. Questions should be related to the official activities of the ministerial official who responds, not his activities as party leader or as a Member of the private Parliament. Members may also question the committee chairman on the work of their respective committees. The members of each party are entitled to a number of questions that are proportional to the strength of the party caucus at home. In addition to questions raised orally during the Question Period, Members of Parliament may also ask questions in writing.
In a time when there was a majority government, House of Commons oversight of the government was weak. Because elections use the first election system-over-post-election, the governing party tends to enjoy a large majority in the Commons; there is often a limited need to compromise with others. (Minority government, however, is unusual.) Modern Canadian political parties are so tightly organized that they leave relatively little space for free action by their parliamentarians. In many cases, parliamentarians may be excluded from their parties by voting against the instructions of party leaders. In addition, major parties require candidate nominations to be signed by party leaders, thus giving leaders the power to, effectively, end the career of a politician. Thus, the defeat of the majority government on issues of trust is very rare. Liberal minority government Paul Martin lost a no-confidence vote in 2005; The last time this happened was in 1979, when the progressive Conservative minority government of Joe Clark was defeated after a period of only six months.
The composition is now
Space design
The current and original Canadian House of Commons rooms are influenced by the House of Commons rectangular layout and the original Chapel of St. Stephen at the Palace of Westminster. The difference from the English layout is to the use of individual chairs and tables for members, absent in the British Commons design.
With the exception of legislatures in Nunavut (circular seating), Northwest Territories (circular seating), and Manitoba (U-shaped seating), all other Canadian provincial legislatures share the general design of the Canadian House of Commons.
Public Works and Government Services Canada performed work during the 41st Parliament to determine how the seating arrangements could be modified to accommodate the additional 30 seats added in the 2015 election. In the end, the new "theater" seat was designed, with five consecutive seats at one table , the chairs are interesting to use. Such a seating set now consists of almost the entire length of the last two lines on each side of the room. In addition, the current rooms will undergo renovations starting 2018 and move during the reconstruction period to the West Block page.
See also
Party and selection
- Canadian elections
- List of Canadian federal district elections
- List of Canada federal elections
- List of political parties in Canada
Parliament and members
- Federal federal parliamentary list
- List of House members from Canada's 42nd Parliament
- List of House members from the 41st Canadian Parliament
- List of House members from the 40th Canadian Parliament
- List of House members from the 39th Canadian Parliament
- List of Parliamentarians from the 38th Parliament of Canada
- List of House of Commons Members from Canada with military service
- Women in the 42nd Canadian Parliament
- Women in the 41st Canadian Parliament
- Women in the 40th Canadian Parliament
- Women in Canada's 39th Parliament
- Procedural officers and senior parliamentarians of Canada
- The Canadian Senate
- Block Center
- Shared Address
Office
Parliamentary MP Hill Off has several offices in the Justice Building or Confederate Building on Wellington Road near the Supreme Court of Canada.
References
Bibliography
- David E. Smith (2007). People's House of Commons: the theory of democracy in opposition . University of Toronto Press. ISBN: 978-0-8020-9465-0.
- Department of Justice. (2004). Constitutional Law, 1867 to 1982.
- Dawson, W F (1962). Procedure in the Canadian House of Commons . University of Toronto Press. OCLCÃ, 502155. Ã, Also under OCLCÃ, 252298936.
- Forsey, Eugene (1904-1991). (Issue 1 was published in 1980, 6th ed., 2005). "How Can The Canadian Set Up Yourself."
- Research Branch of House of Commons Table. (2006). Summary of Procedures .
- The Canadian Parliament. Official Website.
- House of Commons Canada from The Canadian Encyclopedia
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