The Hawaiian kingdom? I came from 1795 with the unification of independent Hawaiian islands? I, O? Ahu, Maui, Moloka? Me, and L? That? I'm under one government. In 1810 the entire Hawaiian archipelago became united when Kaua ? i and ni ? ihau joined the Hawai'i Government voluntarily and without bloodshed or war. Two big family dynasty ruled the kingdom: House of Kamehameha and House of Kal? Kaua.
The kingdom won the recognition of the great powers of Europe. The United States became its main trading partner. The kingdom watched jealousy by the United States against the possibility of other forces (like Britain or Japan) threatening to seize control. Hawaii adopted a new constitution in 1887 to reduce the absolute power of King Kal-kaua. Queen of Lili ? uokalani, which replaces Kal? Kaua in 1891, tried to restore the old order, but was overthrown in 1893, mostly in the hands of the citizens of the United States. Hawaii became a republic until the United States was annexed through a joint resolution.
Video Kingdom of Hawaii
Origins
Prior to the establishment of a formal and united kingdom, the islands were all ruled by independent ali'nui or "supreme executive". All these rulers are believed to have come from the descending line of the first Polynesian, Papa, who will become the goddess of the mother earth of the Hawaiian religion. Captain James Cook was the first European to meet the Hawaiian Islands, on his fourth voyage. He was killed in a dispute over the taking of a longboat. Three years later Island of Hawaii forwarded to the son of Kalani ?? pu? U, K? Wala ??, while the religious authority is given to the nephew of the ruler, Kamehameha.
A series of battles, lasting 15 years, led by the head of the warrior who became Kamehameha the Great. The kingdom of Hawaii was established with the help of weapons and western advisors, such as John Young and Isaac Davis. Despite successfully attacking both O? Ahu and Maui, he failed to secure victory in Kaua ? i, his efforts were hampered by storms and plagues that destroyed his troops. Finally, head Kaua ? i swear allegiance to Kamehameha. Unification ends the ancient Hawaiian society, turning it into an independent constitutional monarchy made in the traditions and ways of the European empire.
Kamehameha Dynasty
From 1810 to 1893, the Kingdom of Hawaii ? I was ruled by two big dynasties families: House of Kamehameha and Kal? Kaua Dynasty. Five members of the Kamehameha family led a government that was designated as Kamehameha. Lunalilo is a member of the House of Kamehameha through his mother. Liholiho (Kamehameha II) and Kauikeaouli (Kamehameha III) are the direct sons of the Great Kamehameha. During the reign of Liholiho and Kauikeaouli, the main wife of the Great Kamehameha, Queen Ka ? ahumanu, reign as Queen Regent and Kuhina Nui , or Prime Minister.
Maps Kingdom of Hawaii
Military
The Hawaiian army and navy grew from Kona soldiers under Kamehameha I, which unified Hawaii in 1810. Soldiers and navies use traditional canoes and uniforms including helmets made of natural materials and wire (called Malo) as well as western technology such as artillery cannon , muskets, and European ships. European advisers are arrested, treated well and become citizens of Hawaii. When Kamehameha died in 1819, he left his son Liholiho a huge arsenal with tens of thousands of soldiers and many warships. It helps stop the insurrection in Kuamo ? o later in 1819 and the Humehume uprising in Kauai in 1824.
During the Kamehameha dynasty, people in Hawaii were hit by an epidemic following the arrival of outsiders. The military shrank with the population, so that by the end of the Dynasty there was no Hawaiian navy and only troop, consisting of several hundred soldiers. After the French invasion that sacked Honolulu in 1849, Kamehameha III sought a defense agreement with the United States and Britain. During the outbreak of the Crimean War in Europe, Kamehameha III declared Hawaii a neutral country. The United States government puts a strong emphasis on Kamehameha IV to make trade exclusively to the United States even to annex the islands. To compensate for this situation, Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V encourage alliances with other foreign powers, especially Great Britain. Hawaii claims uninhabited islands in the Pacific, including the Northwest Hawaii Islands, many of which conflict with American claims.
After the Kamehameha dynasty, the royal guards were disbanded under Lunalilo after a barrack revolt in September 1873. A small army was restored under King Kalakaua but failed to stop the 1887 Rebellion by the Missionary Party. In 1891, Queen of Lili ? uokalani in power. The election of 1892 was followed by petitions and requests from his administration to amend the constitution of 1887. The US maintains the policy of keeping at least one cruiser in Hawaii at all times. On January 17, 1893, Lili ? uokalani, believes that the US military will intervene if he changes the constitution, waiting for the USS Boston to leave the port. Having known that Lili ? uokalani is revising the constitution, Boston recalled and assisting the Missionary Party in its overthrow. (In 1993, the US Congress passed an Apology Resolution, admitted a mistake and issued an apology.) After the overthrow and establishment of the Hawaii Provisional Government, the Royal military was stripped and dissolved.
The French Incident (1839)
Under the rule of Queen Ka ? ahumanu, the powerful newly converted Protestant widow of the Great Kamehameha, Catholicism is illegal in Hawaii, and in 1831 the loyal leaders forcibly deported the French Catholic priests. Native Hawaiians converted to Catholicism claimed to have been imprisoned, beaten and tortured after the expulsion of priests. The prejudices against French Catholic missionaries remain the same under the rule of his successor, Kuhina Nui Ka ? ahumanu II.
In 1839, Captain Laplace of the French frigate Artà © mise sailed to Hawaii under orders to:
Under threat of war, King Kamehameha III signed the Toleration Decree on 17 July 1839 and paid $ 20,000 in compensation for deportation of priests and the persecution and persecution of the converts, approving Laplace's claim. Kingdom proclaims:
- That Catholic worship is declared free, in all areas subject to the King of Sandwich Islands; members of this religion will enjoy the privileges given to Protestants.
The Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu was returned without treatment and as an improvement, Kamehameha III donated land for them to build a church.
The Paulet Affair (1843)
More serious threats occurred on February 13, 1843. Lord George Paulet from the Royal Navy Navy HMS Carysfort, entered the Honolulu Port and demanded that King Kamehameha III hand over the islands to the Kingdom of England. Under the auspices of the frigates, Kamehameha III surrendered to Paulet on February 25, writing to his people:
"Where are you, chiefs, people, and beliefs of my ancestors, and people from foreign lands?
Listen to you! I am telling you that I am confused by the reason of the difficulties I have brought without cause, therefore I have surrendered the life of our land. Listen to you! but my rule over you, my people, and your privileges will continue, for I have the hope that the life of the land will be restored when my behavior is justified.
Done in Honolulu, Oahu, February 25, 1843 this year.
Kamehameha III Terkunci "
Dr. Gerrit P. Judd, a missionary who has been Minister of Finance for the Kingdom, secretly arranged for J.F.B. Marshall became envoy to the United States, France and Britain, to protest Paulet's actions. Marshall, commercial agent Ladd & amp; Co., filed a Royal complaint with the British Deputy Consul in Tepec. Rear Admiral Richard Darton Thomas, commander of Paulet troops, arrived at the port of Honolulu on July 26, 1843 in HMSÃ, Dublin. from ValparaÃÆ'so, Chile. Admiral Thomas apologized to Kamehameha III for Paulet's actions, and restored Hawaii's sovereignty on July 31, 1843. In his restoration speech, Kamehameha III stated that " The life of this country is enshrined in the truth), the future motto of the State of Hawaii. The day is celebrated as L? Ho? You know? I Ea (Day of Restoration of Sovereignty).
The French Invasion (1849)
In August 1849, French admiral Louis Tromelin arrived at the Port of Honolulu with La Poursuivante and Gassendi . De Tromelin made ten demands to King Kamehameha III on August 22, especially demanding the right of religion to be given to Catholics, (a decade earlier, during the French Incident Catholic ban had been lifted, but Catholics still enjoy only a part of religious rights). On August 25, the charges have not been met. After a second warning was made for civilians, French troops flooded skeletons and captured the Fort of Honolulu, dissolving beach weapons and destroying all other weapons they found (mainly rifles and ammunition). They stormed government buildings and public property in Honolulu, causing damage of $ 100,000. After the invasion forces attack back to the fort. De Tromelin finally summoned his men and left Hawaii on 5 September.
Foreign relations
Anticipating foreign encroachment in the Hawaiian territory, King Kamehameha III sent delegates to the United States and Europe to secure the recognition of Hawaiian independence. Timoteo Ha ? alilio, William Richards and Sir George Simpson were assigned as Minister of Plenipotentiary on April 8, 1842. Sir George Simpson went to Great Britain while Ha ? alilio and Richards to the United States on July 8, 1842. The Hawaiian delegation guaranteed the assurance of US President John Tyler on December 19, 1842 of Hawaiian independence and then met Simpson in Europe for official recognition by the United Kingdom and France. On March 17, 1843, King Louis-Philippe of France recognized the independence of Hawaii at the urging of King Leopold I of Belgium. On April 1, 1843, Lord Aberdeen, in the name of Queen Victoria, assured the Hawaiian delegation, "Your Majesty's Government is willing and has decided to recognize Sandwich Islands independence under their current sovereignty."
Anglo-Franco Proclamation
On November 28, 1843, in the London Court, the Governments of Britain and France formally recognized Hawaiian independence. The "Anglo-Franco Proclamation", a joint declaration by France and England, signed by King Louis-Philippe and Queen Victoria, assured the Hawaiian delegation:
The Royal Highness of the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Royal Highness the King of France, taking into account the existence of the Sandwich Islands (Hawaiian Islands) of the government capable of providing regularity of relations with foreign countries. States, have thought it appropriate to engage, reciprocally, to consider the Sandwich Islands as an Independent State, and never take ownership, either directly or under the title of the Protectorate, or under any other form, of any part of the territory to which they are composed.
The undersigned, Principal Secretary of the Majesty of the State of Foreign Affairs, and the Exceptional Ambassador of the Royal King of France, in the London Court, furnished with the necessary powers, hereby declare, as a consequence, that their Venerable Masters take reciprocity the engagement.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned have signed this declaration, and have affixed it to the seal of their weapons.
Done in duplicate in London, the 28th day of November, in the year of our Lord, 1843. Site "'ABERDEEN. [L.S.]
"'ST. AULAIRE. [L.S.],
Hawaiian ? I am the first non-European native country whose independence is recognized by the major powers. The United States refused to join France and Britain in this statement. Although President John Tyler had verbally recognized Hawaiian Independence, it was not until 1849 that the United States formally recognized Hawaiian independence.
November 28th, L? K ?? oko? A (Independence Day), became a national holiday to celebrate Hawaii's recognition of independence. The Hawaiian kingdom entered into agreements with most countries and established more than 90 legations and consulates.
Succession crisis and monarchial selection
The government dynasty by the Kamehameha family ended in 1872 with the death of Kamehameha V. After his death, he summoned Principal of Bernice Pauahi Bishop to declare his intention to make him the heir to the throne. Bernice declined his crown, and Kamehameha V died without mentioning a heir.
The bishop's refusal to take the crown forced the royal legislature to elect a new king. From 1872 to 1873, some relatives of the Kamehameha line were nominated. In a ceremonial and legislative vote, William C. Lunalilo, Kamehameha I's niece, became Hawaiian. i first of the two elected kings but ruled from 1873 to only 1874 because of his early death.
Kal? kaua Dynasty
Like his predecessor, Lunalilo failed to name an heir to the throne. Once again, the legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaii needs elections to fill the empire's emptiness. Queen Emma, ​​widow Kamehameha IV, nominated along with David Kal? You a. The election of 1874 was a bad political campaign in which both candidates used mud and satire. David Kal? Kaua became King of Hawaii elected second but without popular voice ceremonial Lunalilo. The legislative choice is controversial, and US and British forces are asked to suppress unrest by supporters of Queen Emma, ​​Emmaites.
Hoping to avoid uncertainty in the future of monarchy, Kal? Kaua proclaims some heirs of the throne to determine the line of succession. His brother Lili ? uokalani will replace the throne over Kal's death? Kaua, with Princess Victoria Ka ? iulani to follow it. If he can not produce offspring through birth, Prince David Lamea Kawananakoa then Prince Jonah K? Hi? Kalaniana ? ole will reign afterwards.
The Bayonet Constitution
In 1887, a constitution was drafted by Lorrin A. Thurston, Minister of the Interior under King Kal? You a. The constitution was proclaimed by the king after a meeting of 3,000 residents including armed militia demanded him to sign or be ousted. The document created a constitutional monarchy like the British Empire, putting aside the King of most of his personal authority, empowering the legislature and forming a cabinet government. Since then it became widely known as the "Bayonet Constitution" because of the threat of power used to gain cooperation Kal? You a.
The 1887 Constitution empowers citizens to elect members of the House of Nobles (who had previously been appointed by the King). This increases the value of property a citizen must have in order to be eligible to vote over the previous Constitution of 1864 and deny voting rights to Asians comprising a large proportion of the population. (Some Japanese and some Chinese have previously been naturalized and are now losing the right to vote they previously enjoyed.) This guarantees a sound monopoly for rich native Hawaiians and Europeans. The Bayonet Constitution continues to allow the king to appoint cabinet ministers, but disarms his power to dismiss them without the consent of the Legislature.
Lili ? uokalani Constitution
In 1891, Kal? Kaua died and his sister Lili ? uokalani is assumed as a throne. He reigned during the economic crisis that was partially settled by the McKinley Rates. By completing the Reconciliation Agreement of 1875, the new tariffs eliminate the earlier profits enjoyed by Hawaiian exporters in trade to the US market. Many businesses and citizens of Hawaii feel the pressure of income loss, so Lili ? uokalani filed a lottery and opium license to bring in additional revenue for the government. The ministers and their closest friends are trying to prevent him from pursuing the bill, and this controversial proposal is used against him in a looming constitutional crisis.
Lili ? uokalani wanted to restore power to the king by abrogating the 1887 Constitution. The Queen launched a campaign that produced a petition to proclaim a new Constitution. Many citizens and residents who in 1887 had forced Kal? Kaua to sign the "Bayonet Constitution" became alarmed when three of his newly appointed cabinet members told them the queen was planning to unilaterally announce his new Constitution. Some cabinet ministers are reportedly worried about their safety after harassing the queen by not supporting her plans.
Overthrow
In 1893, local businessmen and politicians, comprised of six subjects of native non-native Kingdom, five American citizens, one British citizen, and one German citizen, all living and doing business in Hawaii, overthrowing the queen, his cabinet and him marshal, and take over the reign of the Kingdom of Hawaii ? i.
Historians show that entrepreneurs support the overthrow and annexation to the US to benefit from more favorable trading conditions with its main export market. The McKinley Tariff of 1890 eliminates the previously very profitable trading terms for Hawaiian sugar exports, a major component of the economy.
US Government Secretary John L. Stevens summoned a uniformed US Marines from the USS Boston and two US seafarers to land in the Kingdom and took up positions at the US Embassy, ​​Consulate and Arion Hall on the afternoon of January 16, 1893 This placement is at the request of the Security Committee, which claims "an immediate threat to American life and property". Stevens was accused of ordering the landing on his own authority, and incorrectly using his wisdom. Historian William Russ concludes that "an injunction to prevent any battles makes the monarchy impossible to protect itself".
1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii
On July 17, 1893, Sanford B. Dole and his committee took over the government and declared itself the Provisional Government of Hawaii "to rule until annexation by the United States" and lobbied the United States for it. Dole is president of the last Provisional Government and Republic of Hawaii ? i. During this time, former members of the government lobby in Washington D.C. for the United States to restore the Kingdom of Hawaii. President Grover Cleveland considers the overthrow as illegal warfare; he refused to consider the annexation of the islands and initially worked to return the queen to his throne. Between December 14, 1893 and January 11, 1894 there was a deadlock between the United States, Japan and Britain against the Provisional Government to pressure them to return the Queen known as Black Week. This incident prompted the message that the president of Cleveland wants the return of Queen Lili ? uokalani, so on July 4, 1894, the Republic of Hawaii was proclaimed to await the second term of President Cleveland. Also in 1894, as lobbying continued in Washington, the royalist faction secretly assembled a force of 600 strong men led by former Guard Captain Samuel Nowlein. In 1895 they tried to counter-rebellion, and Lili ? uokalani was arrested when a weapons cache was found in the court yard. He was tried by a Republican military court, convicted of treason, and placed under permanent house arrest in his own home.
On January 24, 1895 when under house arrest Lili ? uokalani was forced to sign the five-page declaration as "Liliuokalani Dominis", in which he officially abdicated in return for his release (and the death sentence) of his imprisoned supporters, including Minister Joseph Nawahi, Prince Kawananakoa, Robert Wilcox , and Prince Yunus Kuhio.
Before ascending the throne, for fourteen years, or from the date of my proclamation as heir, my only official post was Liliuokalani. So I was proclaimed as the Royal Princess and Queen. So it's recorded in the government archive to this day. The Provisional Government or others have imposed changes on my behalf. All my official acts, as well as my personal letters, are issued upon Liliuokalani's signature. But when my warden requires me to sign ("Liliuokalani Dominis,") I do as they say. Their motives in this regard as in other acts clearly embarrass me in front of my people and in front of the world. I see a time, what they do not do, that, even I do not obey under the most demanding and demanding pressure, with this demand they have transgressed their own limits. Nothing, and never existed, within the reach of my knowledge, people like Liliuokalani Dominis.
Area of ​​
The kingdom came into existence in 1795 after the Battle of Nuuanu, with the conquests of Maui, Molokai and Oahu. Kamehameha I had conquered Maui and Molokai five years earlier in the Battle of Kepaniwai, but they were abandoned when the possession of Kamehameha Great Island was under threat and then recaptured by King Kahekili II of old Maui. Its territory consists of six large islands in the Hawaiian chain, and with the surrender of Kaumualii, Kauai and Niihau are added to its territory. Kamehameha II took the de facto control of Kauai and Niihau when he kidnapped Kaumualii, ending the power of his subordinates over the islands.
In 1822, Queen Ka ? ahumanu and her husband King Kaumuali ? I traveled with Captain William Sumner to find Nihoa, because his generation only knew the island through songs and myths. Then King Kamehameha IV sailed there to officially annex the island. Kamehameha IV and Kal? Kaua will then claim other islands in the Hawaiian Islands, including Pearl and Hermes Atoll, Necker Island, Laysan, Lisianski Island, Ocean (Kure) Atoll, Midway Atoll, French Frigate Shoals, Maro Reef and Gardner Pinnacles, as well as Palmyra Atoll, Johnston Atoll and Jarvis Island. Some of these islands had previously been claimed by the United States under the Guano Islands Act of 1856. The Stewart Islands, or Sikaiana Atoll, near the Solomon Islands, were handed over to Hawaii in 1856 by its inhabitants, but the cession was never formalized by the Hawaiian government.
Royal estate
At the beginning of its history, the Kingdom of Hawaii ? I am set from several locations including coastal cities on the island of Hawaii ? i and Maui (L? Hain?). It was not until the reign of Kamehameha III that a capital was founded in Honolulu on O Island? ahu.
When Kamehameha V became king, he saw the need to build a royal palace in accordance with the Kingdom of Hawaii ? i just found prosperity and standing up with other nobles of nations. He commissioned the construction of the palace in Ali ? i? Lani Hale. He died before it was done. Today, the home of the Supreme Court of the State of Hawaii ? i.
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