The Nazi salute , or Hitler salute (German: HitlergruÃÆ'Ÿ , lit. Ã, 'Hitler Greeting', IPA: Ã, ['h ? tl ??? u: s] ), is a gesture used as a greeting in Nazi Germany. Respect is done by extending the right arm from neck to air with straightened hands. Usually, the person offering the salute will say "Heil Hitler!" (Hail Hitler!), "Heil, mein FÃÆ'¼hrer!" (Hail, my leader!), Or " Sieg Heil! "(Hail victory!). It was adopted in 1930 by the Nazi Party to signal a compliance to party leader, Adolf Hitler, and to glorify the German nation (and later German war effort). Salut is mandatory for civilians, but it is mostly optional for military personnel who retain traditional military salute until shortly after the failed assassination attempt on Hitler on July 20, 1944, by Claus von Stauffenberg and co-conspirators.
The use of this honor is banned in modern Germany, and is also considered a criminal offense in modern Poland, Slovakia, and Austria. In Canada, the Czech Republic, France, the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the Netherlands Europe, Sweden, Switzerland, and Russia, salute is an illegal hatred speech when used to spread Nazi ideology.
Video Nazi salute
Description
The honor is done by extending the right arm to the neck height and then straightening the hand so that it is parallel to the arm. Typically, the words "Heil Hitler!", Or Heil! are accompanied by movement. If someone sees an acquaintance in the distance, that's enough to raise the right hand. If someone goes to the boss, someone will also say "Heil Hitler ". If physical disability prevents lifting the right arm, it is acceptable to raise the left. The form "Heil, mein FÃÆ'¼hrer! " is for a direct address to Hitler. "Sieg Heil " is repeated as a song at public events. Written communications will be concluded with either the deutschem GruÃÆ'Ÿ deutschem ("with German greeting"), or by "Heil Hitler ". In correspondence with the Nazi high officials, the letter is usually signed with " Heil Hitler ".
Hitler greeted in two ways. When reviewing his troops or crowds, he usually uses rigid traditional reverence. When greeting the individual, he uses a modified version of the tribute, bending his right arm while holding the open hand towards those who are greeted with shoulder height.
Maps Nazi salute
Origin and adoption
The spoken speech "Heil " became popular in the pan-German movement around 1900. As a way of speech, FÃÆ'¼hrer was introduced by Georg Ritter von SchÃÆ'¶nerer who considers himself the leader of the Austrian German.
His reverence is widely believed to be based on ancient Roman customs. However, no surviving Roman artwork depicts it, as well as the still-existing Roman text describes it. Jacques-Louis David's Image
In the autumn of 1923, some Nazi Party members used the right-handed arm that was extended to welcome Hitler, who responded by raising his own right-handed hand that bent back to the elbows, palms open upward, as a sign of acceptance. In 1926, salute Heil Hitler was made mandatory. It serves as a display of commitment to the Party and the declaration of principles to the outside world. But the drive to gain acceptance does not go unchallenged.
Some party members opposed the legitimacy of the so-called Roman salute, employed by the Italian Fascist, as un-Germanic. In response, efforts are made to build pedigrees by creating traditions after the facts. In June 1928, Rudolf Hess published an article entitled "The Fascist Greeting", which claimed that the movement was used in Germany since 1921, before the Nazis heard about the Italian Fascists. He acknowledged in the article: "The introduction of the NSDAP on the hand-greetings raised about two years ago still makes some people boil.The opponents are suspicious of non-Germanic remarks, accusing them of just imitating [Italy] Fascists," but keep asking, "and even if the decision of two years ago [Hess's command that all party members use it] is seen as an adaptation of the Fascist movement, is that really really awful "? Ian Kershaw pointed out that Hess did not deny the possible influence of the Italian Fascists, even if indeed the homage had been used sporadically in 1921 as Hess claimed.
On the night of January 3, 1942, Hitler said of the origin of the salute:
I made a salute to the Party long after the Duce adopted him. I have read the description of the seat of the Worm Diet, in which Luther was greeted with a German tribute. It was to show him that he was not being confronted with a weapon, but with a peaceful intention. At the time of Frederick the Great, people still salute with their hats, with arrogant movements. In the Middle Ages, slaves humbly lowered their hats, while the nobles greeted the Germans. At the Ratskeller in Bremen, around 1921, I first saw this style of salutation. It should be regarded as the survival of the ancient custom, which was originally marked: "Look, I have no weapons in my hand!" I introduced a salute to the Party at our first meeting in Weimar. SS directly gave him an army style. Since then our opponents have honored us with the nickname "Fascist dog".
The Bellamy salute, adopted in 1892 to accompany the American Oath of Loyalty, bore a resemblance to Nazi Salute. For this reason, President Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted a hand-over-the-heart movement as a salute to be given by civilians during the Pledge of Loyalty and the national anthem in the United States, not Bellamy's salute. This was done when Congress officially adopted the Flag Code on June 22, 1942.
From 1933 to 1945
Under a decree issued by Home Minister Wilhelm Frick on July 13, 1933 (one day before the banning of all non-Nazi parties), all German public servants were required to use the salute. The decision also requires salute during the singing of the national anthem and "Horst-Wessel-Lied". It establishes that "anyone who does not wish to be suspected of behaving in a consciously negative way will make Hitler's Speech". A rider for the decision, adding two weeks later, determined that if a physical handicap prevented the appointment of the right arm, "then it is correct to carry out Speech with the left arm". On September 27, prison inmates were forbidden to wear salute, as did the Jews in 1937.
In late 1934, a special court was established to punish those who refused to salute. Offenders, such as Protestant preacher Paul Schneider, face the possibility of being sent to a concentration camp. Foreigners are not exempt from intimidation if they refuse to salute. For example, the Portuguese Consulate General was beaten by members of Sturmabteilung because he remained seated in the car and did not salute the procession in Hamburg. The reaction to inappropriate use is not only violent but sometimes weird. For example, a memo dated July 23, 1934 was sent to a local police station stating: "There are reports of vaudeville perpetrators who travel to train their monkeys to deliver German Speeches...... to ensure that the animals are destroyed."
Salut becomes a normal way of life. Postmen use greetings when they knock on people's door to send packets or letters. Small metal markings that remind people to use Hitler's salute are displayed in the public square and on telephone poles and streetlights throughout Germany. The department store clerk greeted the customer with "Heil Hitler, how can I help you?" Dinner guests bring glasses carved with the words "Heil Hitler" as a house gift. The salute is required by everyone passing through Feldherrnhalle in Munich, the climax of 1923 Beer Hall Putsch, which the government made a sacred place for the dead Nazis; so many pedestrians avoided this mandate by turning through the little Viscardigasse behind that part earned the nickname "Dodgers' Alley" ( DrÃÆ'¼ckebergergasse ).
Children are indoctrinated at an early age. Kindergarten children are taught to raise their hands to the right height by hanging their lunch bags in the arms of their uplifted teacher. At the beginning of the first class, a lesson on how to use the greeting. It found its way to a fairy tale, including classics like Sleeping Beauty. Students and teachers will honor each other at the beginning and end of school day, between classes, or whenever an adult enters the class.
Some athletes used Nazi salute during the opening ceremony of the 1936 Berlin Olympics when they passed Hitler at the checkpoint. This was done by delegates from Afghanistan, Bermuda, Bulgaria, Bolivia, France, Greece, Iceland, Italy and Turkey. Bulgarian athletes salute the Nazis and break into the goose; Turkish athletes maintain salute around the track. There was some confusion over the use of the salute, because the rigid Nazi salute could have been misunderstood as a tribute to the Olympics, with the right arm stretched slightly tilted to the right of the shoulder. According to American sports writer Jeremy Schaap, only half of Austria's athletes salute the Nazis, while the other half salute the Olympics. According to historian Richard Mandell, there are conflicting reports about whether athletes from France salute the Nazis or the Olympic Salut. In football, the English football team is subject to pressure from the British Foreign Office and salutes during a friendly on 14 May 1938.
Jehovah's Witnesses conflict with the Nazi regime because they refuse to pay Adolf Hitler's respect with traditional "Heil Hitler" honors, believing that it is against their worship of Jehovah. Because refusing to salute Hitler was considered a crime, Jehovah's Witnesses were arrested, and their children who were expelled from school were detained and separated from their families.
Military use
The Wehrmacht refused to accept Hitler's official honor and was able to take time to defend his own habits. The compromise decree of the Reich Defense Ministry, issued on 19 September 1933, requires the respect of Hitler's soldiers and uniformed civilian employees while singing "Horst-Wessel-Lied" and the national anthem, and in non-military meetings both inside and outside < Wehrmacht (eg, when addressing members of the civil administration). At other times they are allowed to use their traditional reverence. The use of Hitler's salute is also permitted when uniformed. However, it is important to note that according to the protocol (protocol) protocol, traditional military salute is not permitted when the soldier does not wear a uniform cap (helmet or hat). Therefore, all the salute is done without a hat, even when in complete uniform and in duty, make mandatory de-facto Nazi salute in many situations.
Just after July 20, the Plot in 1944 Third Reich military forces ordered to replace the standard military salute with the honor of Hitler, as a show of loyalty in honor of the fact that it was an Army officer who had been responsible for the murder. try. The order came into force on 24 July 1944. Hitler's use of honor by the military was discussed as early as January 1944 at a conference on tradition in the military at Hitler's headquarters. Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, head of the Armed Forces, has expressed a desire to standardize salute in all organizations in Germany.
On the night of 3 January 1942, Hitler declared the following about the 1933 compromise decree:
I applied German salute for the following reasons. I have given orders, at first, that in the Army I should not be greeted with German honor. But many people forget. Fritsch draws his conclusions, and punishes everyone who forgets to give me military respect, with fourteen days of deportation to the barracks. I, in turn, draws my conclusions and introduces German honor also into the Army.
Satire response
Despite indoctrination and punishment, the salute was mocked by some. Because "heil" is also an imperative of the German verb "heilen" ("to heal"), a common joke in Nazi Germany is replied with "Is he sick?", "Am I a doctor?", Or "You Heal him! "The joke is also made by distorting the phrase. For example, Heil Hitler might be Ein Liter ("One liter"). The Cabaret player, Karl Valentin, would quip, "Fortunately Hitler's name is not 'KrÃÆ'¤uter', otherwise we have to rant about HeilkrÃÆ'¤uter ('medicinal herb'). A similar blow is made involving Bronn (rendering Heilbronn , German city), and Button (rendering Heilbutt , German word for halibut).
The use of satirical satire was returned to anti-Nazi propaganda in Germany before 1933. In 1932, photomontage artist John Heartfield used a modified version of Hitler, with his hands bent over his shoulders, in posters connecting Hitler with Big Business. A giant figure representing the right-wing capitalist standing behind Hitler, putting money in his hands, suggested a backhand contribution. The title is, "the meaning of Hitler's honor" and "Millions stand behind me". Heartfield was forced to flee in 1933 after the seizure of Nazi rule in Germany.
Another example is a cartoon by New Zealand political cartoonist David Low, mocking Night of the Long Knives. Run in the Evening Standard on July 3, 1934, it showed Hitler with a smoking gun grimacing at the scared SA man with their hands. The title reads: "They salute with both hands now". When Achille Starace proposed that the Italians should write
Sieg Heil
Sieg Heil is a song used in the mass rallies of the Nazis, where the enthusiastic crowd answered Heil to Sieg's call ("triumph"). For example, at the Nuremberg Rally of 1934, Rudolf Hess ended his climactic speech with, "The Party is Hitler, but Hitler is German, just like Germany is Hitler! Hitler! Sieg Heil!" In his total speech address delivered in 1943, the audience shouted Sieg Heil when Joseph Goebbels asked of them "a kind of plebiscite" Ja ' "for total war. (' Ja 'means' yes' in German.)
On March 11, 1945, less than two months before the German Nazi capitulation, a memorial to the death of war was held in Marktschellenberg, a small town near Hitler's Berghof residence. The English historian Ian Kershaw states that the powers of Fassher's cult and the "Hitler myth" have disappeared, as evidenced by the reports given in the Bavarian town of Markt Schellenberg on March 11, 1945:
When the leader of the Wehrmacht unit at the end of his speech called for Sieg Heil for FÃÆ'¼hrer, it was returned not by the Wehrmacht prize, or by the Volkssturm, or by the audiences of the civilians. emerging populations. This mass silence... may reflect better than others, attitudes of the population.
The Swing Kids (Swing Jugend) is a group of middle-class youth who consciously break away from Nazism and its culture, greet each other with "Swing- Heil! " and talk to each other as "old man-hot". This playful behavior is harmful to participants in the subculture; on January 2, 1942, Heinrich Himmler ordered that leaders be placed in concentration camps to be drilled and beaten.
Post 1945
Today in Germany, Nazi's honor in written form, vocal, and even straight right arm as a respectful motion (with or without phrase), is illegal. It is a criminal offense that can be punished for up to three years in prison (Strafgesetzbuch part 86a). The use of art, teaching and science is permitted except "the existence of insults is generated from the form of speech or circumstances in which it occurs". The use of salts has also been illegal in Austria since the end of World War II.
The use of being "ironic and clearly critical of Hitler's Speech" is not excluded, which has led to a legal debate over what constitutes an ironic use. One case involved Prince Ernst August of Hanover who was brought to court after using the cue as a comment on the overzealous inspector behavior of the airport luggage inspector. On November 23, 2007, Amtsgericht Cottbus sentenced Horst Mahler to six months in prison without parole because, according to his own claim, Ironically honored Hitler when reporting to prison for a period of nine months a year earlier. The following month, a retired named Roland T was given a five-month prison term to, inter alia, train his dog Adolf to raise his right foot in a Nazi tribute each time the "Heil Hitler!" be spoken.
The modified version of the salute is sometimes used by neo-Nazis. One such version is the so-called "KÃÆ'¼hnen salute" with thumbs, index finger and middle finger extended, which is also a criminal offense in Germany. In written correspondence, the number 88 is sometimes used by some neo-Nazis instead of "Heil Hitler" ("H" as the eighth letter of the alphabet). Swiss neo-Nazis reported using variants of KÃÆ'¼hnengruss, though extending one's right arm above their heads and extending say three fingers have different historical sources for Switzerland, as the first three Eidgenossen or allies are often depicted with motion this. Hizbullah supporters in Lebanon often raise their hands with Nazi respect.
Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging, a South African neo-Nazi organization known for its militant defenses against white separatism, has supported the brown uniforms and German Nazi flags, badges, and respect at meetings and rallies. Hundreds of supporters in 2010 sent tribute with arms straight outside the cemetery to AWB leader Eugène Terre'Blanche, who was killed by two black agricultural workers over alleged wage dispute.
On May 28, 2012, the current affairs program of the BBC Panorama examines the issue of racism, antisemitism and soccer hooliganism, which is claimed to be prevalent among Polish and Ukrainian football supporters. The program, titled Euro 2012: Stadium of Hate , includes recordings of Ukrainian supporters who salute the Nazis and shout "Sieg Heil". Both countries host international football competition UEFA Euro 2012.
On March 16, 2013, Greek footballer Giorgos Katidis from AEK Athens F.C. given a live ban from the Greek national team to perform salute after scoring against Veria F.C. at the Athens Olympic Stadium.
In April 2014, the Swiss Supreme Court ruled that Nazi honor did not violate the hatred of hate crime if expressed as a person's personal opinion, but only if they were used in an attempt to spread his ideology.
On July 18, 2015, The Sun published a picture of the Royal Family of a private film taken in 1933 or 1934, showing Princess Elizabeth (Queen's nominee, then a young girl) and Queen Mother both greeting the Nazis, accompanied by Edward VIII, taken from footage of 17 seconds from home (also released by The Sun ). The tape sparked controversy in the UK, and there is the question of whether this recording release is appropriate. Buckingham Palace described the release of this tape as "disappointing", and has considered taking legal action against The Sun, while Stig Abell (The Sun's managing director) said that Records are " a matter of national historical significance to explore what happened in [1930] ahead of the Second World War ".
The white American supremacy, Richard B. Spencer, attracted much media attention in the weeks following the 2016 US presidential election, where, at the National Policy Institute conference, he cited Nazi propaganda and denounced the Jews. Responding to his cries of "Hail Trump, greet our people, flattery the victory!", A number of his supporters saluted the Nazis and sang in the same way Sieg Heil's song .
In popular culture
- In a joke at Hogan's Heroes, Colonel Klink often forgets to pay homage to Hitler at the end of a phone call; instead, he usually asks, "What's that?" and then said, "Yes, of course, Heil Hitler". In the German version of the show, called Ein KÃÆ'¤fig Voller Helden ( Hero Cage ), "Col Klink and Sergeant Schultz has a rural Gomer Pyle -type accent "and" armed-rigid salut accompanied by witticisms such as "this is how high the cornflowers grow." The "Heil Hitler" greetings are the most commonly used variants associated with the series; "Sieg Heil" is seldom heard.
- In The Producers , former Nazi Franz Liebkind has a pigeon named Adolf who gives the Nazi salute every time Liebkind calls him by name.
- On August 11, 2017, Jeffrey Lord was fired by CNN for tweeting "Sieg Heil!"
See also
- Bellamy salute
- Heil og sÃÆ'Â|l
- Quenelle (gesture)
- Rome salute
References
Note
Bibliografi
- Kershaw, Ian (2000). Hitler: 1936-45: Nemesis (ilustrasi ed.). W. W. Norton & amp; Perusahaan. ISBN: 9780393049947.
- Kershaw, Ian (2001). "Mitos Hitler": gambar dan kenyataan dalam Third Reich (2, diterbitkan ulang.). Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780192802064.
- Allert, Tilman; Diterjemahkan oleh Jefferson Chase (April 2009). The Hitler Salute: Tentang Makna Gesture (Picador ed.). Picador. ISBN: 9780312428303.
- Winkler, Martin M. (2009). The Roman Salute: Sinema, Sejarah, Ideologi . Columbus: Ohio State University Press. ISBN: 9780814208649.
Tautan eksternal
- Media terkait dengan penghormatan Hitler di Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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