Right to die

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The right to die is a concept based on the opinion that a human being has the right to end his own life or undergo voluntary euthanasia. The ownership of this right is often understood as meaning that persons with terminal illness should be allowed to end their own lives or use suicide with assistance or to resist life-prolonging treatment. The question of who, if anything, should be empowered to make this decision is often the center of debate.

Proponents usually associate the right to die with the idea that one's body and life belong to him, to be discarded when one feels fit. However, the legitimate interests of the state in preventing irrational suicide are sometimes debated. Pilpel and Amsel wrote:

Contemporary advocates of "rational suicide" or "the right to die" usually demand "rationality" that the decision to kill oneself is an autonomous choice of agents (ie, not because doctors or families press them to "do the right thing" and commit suicide "and the" best choice according to the conditions "desired by stoic or utilitarian people, as well as other natural conditions such as choice to be stable, not impulsive decisions, not mental illness, achieved after careful consideration, etc.

Hinduism accepts the right to die for those who are tortured by a deadly disease or those who have no desire, ambition or no responsibility left; and allow death through the practice of non-violent fasting to the point of famine (Prayopavesa). Jainism has a similar practice called Santhara . Other religious views of suicide vary in their tolerance, and include rejection of the rights and condemnation of such acts. In the Catholic faith, suicide is considered a great sin.

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Ethics

The debate exists in bioethics as to whether the right to die is universal, applicable only under certain circumstances (such as terminal illness), or if any. A court in the state of Montana, USA, for example, has found that the right to die applies to those who have life-threatening medical conditions. Suicide advocate Ludwig Minelli, euthanasia expert Sean W. Asher and bioethics professor Jacob M. Appel, on the other hand, argue that all competent people have the right to terminate their own lives. Appel has suggested that the right to die is a test for the overall freedom of a particular society.

The 1991 Patient Determination Act passed by the US Congress at the request of the Medicare financial arm permits Medicare/Medicaid patients elderly (and its implications, all "terminal" patients) to prepare for face-guidance in which they choose or choose to refuse treatment that extends life and/or saving lives as a way of shortening their lives to shorten their suffering to death. Treatment was rejected in advance directive under US law, because PSDA 1991, should not be proven "medically meaningless" under some existing legal-process procedures developed under state law, such as TADA in Texas.

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By country

Starting June 2016, some forms of legal voluntary euthanasia in Canada, Colombia, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland.

Canada

As of August 2011, B.C. The Supreme Court judge has been asked to speed up the right to death suit so Gloria Taylor can ask a doctor to help her commit suicide. She had Lou Gehrig's disease. He died of an infection in 2012.

A B C. civil litigation of freedom representing the six plaintiffs and challenging laws that make it criminal to help sick and severely ill individuals to die with dignity.

On February 6, 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that denying the right to assist in suicide was unconstitutional. Court rulings limit physician-assisted suicide to "competent adults who clearly approve of life's cessation and have a sad and irreversible medical condition, including illness, disease or disability, causing enduring suffering that can not be tolerated by an individual in his or her condition. "The ruling was suspended for 12 months to allow the Canadian parliament to draft a new constitution law to replace existing ones.

Court decisions include the requirement that there should be strict "carefully monitored" limits. This will require a death certificate to be completed by an independent medical examiner, not a treating doctor, to ensure the accuracy of reporting the cause of death.

The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) reports that not all doctors are willing to assist patients who die. However, the belief by the end of 2015 is that no doctor will be forced to do so but CMA offers educational sessions to its members about the process to be used.

On June 17, 2016, the law authorized both Canadian Parliamentary assemblies and received Royal Assent to enable euthanasia in Canada.

Colombia

On May 20, 1997, the Colombian Constitutional Court decriminalized the piety of murder, for a severely ill patient, stating that "medical writers can not be held responsible for suicide assisted by a severely ill patient" and urged Congress to organize euthanasia "in the shortest possible time ".

On December 15, 2014, the Constitutional Court has granted the Ministry of Health and Social Protection 30 days to publish guidelines for the health sector to use in order to ensure the sick patients are terminated, with a desire to undergo euthanasia, their right to a dignified death.

Dutch

The Netherlands legalized voluntary euthanasia in 2001 and is one of the few countries in the world that has done it. Under current Dutch law, euthanasia by doctors is only legal in cases of "" desperate and irresistible " suffering.In practice this means that it is limited to those who suffer from serious medical conditions (including mental illness) and in sufficient suffering such as pain, hypoxia or fatigue Helping a person to commit suicide without meeting the current legal qualifications of Dutch euthanasia is illegal This criteria involves the patient's request, the patient's suffering (unbearable and hopeless), the information given to the patient, the absence of reasonable alternatives, consultation with other physicians and methods used to end life.

In February 2010, a citizen initiative called Uit Vrije Wil (Free Will) further demanded that all Dutch citizens over the age of 70 who feel bored with life should have the right to professional assistance in ending it. The organization, initiated by Milly van Stiphout and Yvonne van Baarle, began collecting signatures to support this proposed change in Dutch law. A number of prominent Dutch support the initiative, including former ministers and artists, law graduates and doctors. Among them were former Frits Bolkestein politicians Hedy d'Ancona and Jan Terlouw, as well as television magnate Mies Bouwman. This initiative has never been passed.

New Zealand

Euthanasia is illegal in New Zealand. In 2015, lawyer and cancer patient Lecretia Seales took the case to the High Court to challenge New Zealand law on her right to die with the help of her doctor, requesting a statement that her doctor would not risk a belief.

United States

The term the right to die has been interpreted in a number of ways, including suicide, passive euthanasia, active euthanasia, suicide with help, and physician-assisted suicide. Because the health of citizens is considered a police force left behind by each state to be regulated, it was only in 1997 that the US Supreme Court made a decision on the subject of suicide with the help and right of a person to die. In 1997, the Supreme Court heard two appeals stating that New York and Washington laws that made doctors help to commit suicide, a crime violating the same protection section of the Fourteenth Amendment. Unanimously, the Court declared that there was no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide and upheld the state's ban on assisted suicides. While in New York it has defended laws that prohibit physician-assisted suicide, the Court's decision also leaves it open to other countries to decide whether they will allow doctors to commit suicide or not.

Since 1994, five US states have passed a supported suicide law: Oregon, Washington, Vermont, California, and Colorado passed laws in 1994, 2008, 2013, 2015, and 2016, respectively, which provides a protocol for the practice of assisted physician suicide. The laws in these five states allow sickly-grown patients to look for lethal drugs from their doctors. In 2009, the Supreme Court of Montana ruled that nothing in state law prohibits physician-assisted suicide and provides legal protection for doctors in case they write prescriptions for lethal drugs at the request of the patient. In California, the governor signed a controversial medical indictment bill, the Life of End Equality Act in California, in October 2015 passed in a special legislative session intended to discuss Medi-Cal funding, having been defeated during regular legislative sessions. Since the bill was passed during a special session, it had no effect until June 2016.

In early 2014, New Mexico District Judge Nan Nan ruled that severely ill patients had the right to help die under the state constitution, which is to make laws for doctors to prescribe lethal doses of drugs to severely ill patients. The final decision will be made with the appeal of the New Mexico Attorney General against the verdict.

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References

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Right to die

Jumat, 15 Juni 2018

Right to die

Video Right to die

Ethics

Maps Right to die