roof is part of the building envelope. It is the top cover of a building or shelter that provides protection from animals and the weather, especially rain or snow, but also heat, wind and sunshine. The word also shows the framing or structure that supports the cover.
The characteristics of the roof depend on the purpose of the building covered, the available roofing materials and local construction traditions as well as the broader architectural design and practice concepts and can also be governed by local or national laws. In most countries, the roof protects primarily from rain. A veranda can be covered with material that protects against sunlight but recognizes other elements. The roof of a conservation park protects the plant from cold, wind, and rain, but recognizes light.
The roof can also provide additional living space, such as a roof garden.
Video Roof
Etymology
Old English hrof "roof, ceiling, top, peak, heaven, sky," also figuratively, "the highest point of anything," from Proto-Germanic * khrofam (see Roef Dutch "dekhouse, cabin, coffin-cover, "Middle High German rof" penthouse, "Old Norse hrof" boat shed ").
There is no clear connection outside the Germanic family. "English itself has retained the word in a general sense, for which other languages ​​use a form that corresponds to OE." ÃÆ'¾ÃÆ'Â|c weeds "[OED].
Maps Roof
Design elements
The elements in the roof design are:
- material
- development
- endurance
The bamboo material from the roof may range from banana leaves, straw or seagrass to laminated glass, copper (see: copper roof), aluminum sheets and pre-cast concrete. In many parts of the world's ceramic tiles has been the dominant roofing material for centuries, if not thousands of years. Other roofing materials include asphalt, coal tar pitch, EPDM rubber, Hypalon, polyurethane foam, PVC, slate, Teflon fabric, TPO, and wood shakes and shingles.
construction the roof is determined by its support method and how its lower chambers are bridged and whether the roof is pitched . The pitch is the angle at which the roof rises from the lowest point to the highest point. Most US domestic architectures, except in very dry areas, have sloping roofs, or pitched . Although elements of modern construction such as sewage pipes can eliminate the need for shrill, the roof is cast for reasons of tradition and aesthetics. So the tone partly depends on the style factor, and partly related to the practicality.
Some types of roofs, such as straw, require steep fields to be waterproof and durable. Other types of roofs, such as tiles, are not stable on sharply curved roofs but provide excellent weather protection at relatively low angles. In areas where there is little rain, a nearly flat roof with a little runoff provides adequate protection against occasional rain. Drainpipes also eliminates the need for a sloping roof.
A person who specializes in roof construction is called a roofer.
The durability roof is a matter of concern because the roof is often the most inaccessible part of the building for repair and renewal purposes, while damage or destruction can have serious effects.
Form
The roof shape is very different from one region to another. The main factors affecting roof shape are the climate and materials available for roof structures and outer coverings.
The basic form of flat roof, mono-pitched, pointed, hipped, butterfly, curved and domed. There are many variations on this type. Roofs built from flat slopes are called pitched roofs (generally if angles exceed 10 degrees). Flanked roofs, including curved, hollowed and skilted roofs, represent the largest number of domestic rooftops. Some roofs follow an organic form, either with architectural design or because of a flexible material such as straw has been used in construction.
Section
There are two parts to the roof, its supporting structure and outer shell, or the most weatherproof layer. In a small part of the building, the outer layer is also an independent structure.
The roof structure is generally supported on walls, although some building styles, for example, geodesic and A-frame, blur the difference between the wall and the roof.
Support
The roof support structure usually consists of long, strong beams, materials that are fairly stiff like wood, and since the mid-19th century, cast iron or steel. In countries that use bamboo extensively, material flexibility causes a typical curved line to the roof, characteristic of Oriental architecture.
Wood is suitable for various forms of roof. Wooden structures can fulfill aesthetic and practical functions, when left open for viewing.
The stone corridor has been used to support the roof since prehistoric times, but it can not bridge long distances. Stone arches began to be widely used in the ancient Roman period and in various forms can be used to reach distances up to 140 feet (43 m). Stone arches or bells, with or without ribs, dominate the main architectural roof structure for about 2,000 years, only giving way to iron beams with the Industrial Revolution and the design of buildings such as Paxton's Crystal Palace, completed in 1851.
With continuous improvement on steel beams, this became the main structural support for large roofs, and finally for ordinary houses as well. Another form of girder is a reinforced concrete beam, in which a metal rod is encased in a concrete, giving a greater force under the voltage.
Outside layer
The roof area varies greatly depending on the availability of materials. In vernacular architecture, roofing materials are often herbs, such as straw, the most durable seaweed with an age of perhaps 40 years. In many Asian countries bamboo is used both for supporting structures and outer layers where split bamboo stems are reversed alternately and overlap. In areas with abundance of wood, wooden shingles and boards are used, while in some countries particular bark can be peeled thick, thick sheets and used for roofing.
The 20th century saw the manufacture of asphalt shingle compositions that can withstand the shiny 20-year shingle to the thickest which is a lifetime of limited shingles, the cost of which depends on the thickness and durability of the shingle. When the shingles layer is depleted, they are usually stripped away, along with the nail underlay and roof, allowing new layers to be installed. An alternative method is to install another layer directly above the worn layer. Although this method is faster, this method does not allow roof coating for inspection and water damage, often associated with worn-out shingles, to be repaired. Having multiple layers of old shingle under a new layer causes the roofing nails to be away from the coating, weakening their grip. The biggest concern with this method is that the weight of the supplementary material may exceed the dead load capacity of the roof structure and lead to collapse. Therefore, jurisdictions using the International Building Code prohibit the installation of new roofs on existing roofs that have two or more applications of all types of roof coverings; the existing roofing material must be removed before installing a new roof.
Slate is an ideal material, and durable, while on the Swiss Alpine roof is made of large stone slabs, a few inches thick. Slate roof is often regarded as the best roof type. Slate roofs can last 75 to 150 years, and even longer. However, slate roofs are often expensive to install - in the US, for example, slate roofs may have the same cost as other parts of the house. Often, the first part of a failed slate is a nail attached; they corrode, allowing the board to slip. In the UK, this condition is known as "nail disease". Due to this problem, installation of nails made of stainless steel or copper is recommended, and even this should be protected from the weather.
Asbestos, usually in corrugated corrugated panel, has been used extensively in the 20th century as a cheap, non-flammable roofing material with excellent insulating properties. Health and legal issues involved in mining and handling asbestos products mean they are no longer used as new roofing materials. However, many asbestos roofs continue to exist, especially in South America and Asia.
Roofs made of cut grass (a modern one known as a green roof, a traditional roof as a ground roof) have good insulating properties and are increasingly being pushed as a way of "greening" the Earth. Adobe's roof is a clay roof, mixed with binders such as straw or animal fur, and attached to a lathe to form a flat or sloping roof, usually in areas with low rainfall.
In areas where clay is abundant, the rooftops of baked tiles have become the main form of the roof. Casting and burning tile is an industry that is often associated with brick work. While tile shapes and colors differ regionally, tiles of various shapes and colors are now commercially produced, to suit buyers' tastes and wallets.
Metal sheets in the form of copper and tin have also been used for hundreds of years. Both are expensive but durable, large copper roofs at Chartres Cathedral, oxidized to pale green, have existed for hundreds of years. Lead, which is sometimes used for church roofs, is most commonly used as a flash light in the valley and around chimneys on the roof of a household, especially slate. Copper is used for the same purpose.
In the 19th century, iron, adapted with zinc to increase its resistance to rust, became light, easy to transport, and waterproof. The low cost and easy application makes it the most accessible commercial rooftop, worldwide. Since then, many types of metal roofing have been developed. Steel roofs or roofs stand up for about 50 years or more depending on the method of installation and the underlayment used and between the cost of the shingle roof and the slate roof. In the 20th century a large number of roofing materials were developed, including roofs based on asphalt (already used in previous centuries), on rubber and on various synthetics such as thermoplastics and fiberglass.
- Outside layer
Function
Isolation
Since the purpose of the roof is to protect people and their property from climatic elements, the nature of roof insulation is a consideration in the structure and choice of roofing materials.
Some roofing materials, especially from natural fibrous materials, such as reeds, have excellent insulating properties. For those who do not, extra insulation is often installed under the outer layers. In developed countries, the majority of residences have ceiling mounted under the roof structural members. The purpose of the ceiling is to protect against heat and cold, noise, dirt and often from bird droppings and fleas that often choose the roof as a nesting place.
Concrete tiles can be used as insulation. When installed leaving the space between the tiles and the roof surface, it can reduce the warming caused by the sun.
The form of touched insulation or plastic sheeting, sometimes with reflective surfaces, mounted directly under tiles or other materials; synthetic batting foam is placed on top of the ceiling and recycled paper products and other such materials that can be inserted or sprayed into the roof cavity. Called as Cool roofs are becoming increasingly popular, and in some cases are mandated by local codes. A cold roof is defined as a roof with high reflectivity and high heat transfers.
Insulated and poorly ventilated roofs may experience problems such as the formation of ice dams around the roof that protrude in cold weather, causing water from melting snow at the top of the roof to penetrate roof material. The ice dam occurs when the heat exits through the very top of the roof, and the snow at that point melts, refreezing when it drips along the shingle, and collects in the form of ice at the lower point. This can cause structural damage due to stress, including the destruction of sewers and drainage systems.
Drainage
The main job of most roofs is to prevent water. Large roof area will ward off a lot of water, which should be directed in some appropriate way, so as not to cause any damage or discomfort.
The flat roof of an adobe residence generally has very little slope. In Middle Eastern countries, where the roof can be used for recreation, often walled, and drainage holes should be provided to stop water from pooling and seep through porous roofing material.
Similar problems, albeit on a much larger scale, are faced with modern commercial property builders who often have flat roofs. Due to the enormous nature of such a roof, it is important that the outer shell becomes a highly impermeable material. Most industrial and commercial structures have conventional roofing with low tones.
In general, the pitch of the roof is proportional to the amount of deposition. Houses in areas with low rainfall often have low roofs while in areas with high rainfall and snow, have steep roofs. The longhouse of Papua New Guinea, for example, became a roof-dominated architecture, high roofs sweeping almost to the ground. The steep high roof of Germany and the Netherlands is typical in the snow area. In some parts of North America such as Buffalo, USA or Montreal, Canada, there is a required minimum slope of 6 inches in 12 inches, 30 degrees apart.
There is a regional building style as opposed to this trend, the stone roofs in the Alpine chalets usually tend to be more gentle. These buildings tend to accumulate large amounts of snow on it, which is seen as a factor in their insulation. The roof pitch is partially determined by available roofing material, 3/12 pitch or larger slope generally covered with asphalt shingles, wooden wobbles, corrugated steel, slate or tiles.
Water rejected by the roof during a rainstorm potentially damaging buildings that protect the roof. If it flows on the wall, it can seep into the mortar or through the panel. If it lies around the foundation it can cause seepage into the interior, rising wet or dry. For this reason, most buildings have systems to protect the building walls from most of the roof water. The overhanging roof is generally used for this purpose. Most modern roofs and many old ones have valley systems, gutter, waterheads, waterheads and drainpipes to remove water from surrounding buildings. In many parts of the world, roofs are collected and stored for domestic use.
Areas prone to heavy snow benefit from metal roofing because its smooth surface spills snow loads more easily and withstands wind power better than wood shingles or concrete roof tiles.
- Isolation, drainage and solar roof
Solar roof
The newer systems include solar shingles that generate electricity and cover the roof. There are also solar systems available that produce hot water or hot air and that can also serve as roof coverings. More complex systems can run all of these functions: generate electricity, recover heat energy, and also act as a roof cover.
The solar system can be integrated with the roof by:
- integration in the thrown roof cover, e.g. shingle the sun.
- mounted on the existing roof, e.g. solar panels on roof tiles.
- integration in flat roof membranes using hot welding, eg. PVC.
- mounted on a flat roof with construction and additional weight to prevent wind lift.
The roof gallery
- Shape roof
Significant roof gallery
Roof components
- Car roof
- Represents weighted
- The roof feels
- Drag architecture
- Ventilated roof
- Thin shell structure
History
- List of Greco-Roman roofs
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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