Internal medicine or general medicine (in Commonwealth countries) is a medical specialty dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of adult diseases. Doctors who specialize in internal medicine are called internists , or doctors (without modifiers) in Commonwealth countries. Internists are skilled in the management of patients who have a non-differentiated or multi-system disease process. Internal treatment for inpatients and outpatients and can play a major role in teaching and research.
Because patients with internal medicine are often severely ill or require complex investigations, internists do a lot of their work in the hospital. Internists often have subspecialty interests in diseases affecting a particular organ or organ system.
In medicine is also a specialty in clinical pharmacy and veterinary medicine.
Video Internal medicine
Histori
Historically, some of the oldest traces of internal medicine can be traced from Ancient India and Ancient China. The earliest manuscripts on internal medicine are the Ayurvedic anthologies of Charaka.
Internal medicine doctors have been practicing in both the clinic and the hospital, often on the same day. The pressure in time has caused many internal medicine physicians to choose a practice setting, which may choose to only practice in the hospital, as an "hospitalist", or just in an outpatient clinic, as primary care physician.
Maps Internal medicine
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The term "internal medicine" is derived from the German term "Innere Medizin", popularized in Germany at the end of the 19th century to describe a physician who combines laboratory science with clinical care at the bedside. patient. Internal medicine investigates underlying pathological causes of symptoms and syndromes by using laboratory investigations. By contrast, physicians of the previous generation, such as the seventeenth-century physician Thomas Sydenham, known as the father of English medicine or "Hippocrates UK", have developed a nosologi (disease study) through a clinical approach to diagnosis and management, with bedside studies from their natural history of illness and their treatment while avoiding bodily dissection and control of the internal workings of the body, and thus the anatomical pathology and laboratory studies, in considering the internal mechanisms and causes of symptoms Giovanni Battista Morgagni, an 18th century Italian anatomist, is considered the father of anatomical pathology. The 19th century saw the emergence of internal medicine that incorporates a clinical approach with the use of investigations. Many American doctors early in the 20th century studied medicine in Germany and brought this medical field to the United States. Thus, the name "internal medicine" was adopted to imitate the existing German term.
Much confusion over the meaning of the drug in and the role of an "internist." Internists are qualified physicians with postgraduate training in internal medicine and should not be equated with "internships", who are doctors in the first year of their residency training (officially the term intern is no longer used). Although internists may act as primary care physicians, they are not "family doctors," "family practitioners," or "GPs," whose training is not only concentrated in adults and may include surgery, obstetrics and paediatrics. The American College of Physicians defines internists as "doctors specializing in the prevention, detection and treatment of diseases in adults".
Internist education and training
Training and career paths for internists vary across the world.
Many programs require undergraduate education before entering medical school. This "pre-medical" education usually has a length of four or five years. Postgraduate medical education programs vary by country. The medical education program is a tertiary level program, conducted at a university-linked medical school. In the United States, medical school consists of four years. Therefore, obtaining basic medical education can usually take eight years, depending on the jurisdiction and the university.
After completing entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to conduct a supervised practice period before the license, or registration, is given, usually one or two years. This period may be referred to as "apprenticeship", "conditional registration", or "foundation program". Then, doctors may eventually attend special training in internal medicine if they wish, usually chosen to attend the training program through the competition. In North America, this period of postgraduate training is referred to as residency training, followed by an optional scholarship if the internist decides to train in subspecialty. In Commonwealth countries, during training in the field of internal medicine, trainees are often called senior officers, and progress to the registrar level when they undergo mandatory subspecialty training while providing continuous public service in the main specialties. In the United States, residency training for internal medicine lasts for three years.
Certification specialist
In the United States, three organizations are responsible for certification of trained internists (ie, physicians who have completed accredited residency training courses) in terms of their knowledge, skills and attitudes essential to excellent patient care: the American Board of Internal Medicine, Osteopathic Bodies American Internal Medicine and Certification Council in Internal Medicine.
Subspecialties
United States
In the United States, two organizations are responsible for subspecialty certification in this area: American Board of Internal Medicine and American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine. Doctors (not just internists) who successfully pass the board exams get the status of "board certified" and.
American Board of Internal Medicine
The following are subspecialties recognized by the American Board of Internal Medicine.
- Adolescent medicine
- Allergies, Asthma and Immunology, deals with diagnosis, treatment and management of allergies, asthma and immune system disorders.
- Cardiology, treating heart and blood vessel disorders *
- Clinical heart electrophysiology
- Critical care remedies
- Endocrinology, treating endocrine system disorders and their specific secretions called hormones
- Gastroenterology, related to the field of digestive diseases
- Geriatric medicine
- Hematology, concerned with blood, blood-forming organs, and disorders.
- Hospital medicine
- Infectious diseases, related to diseases caused by biological agents such as by viruses, bacteria or parasites
- Intervention cardiology
- Medical oncology, dealing with chemotherapy (chemistry) and/or immunotherapy (immunology) cancer treatment
- Nephrology, dealing with the study of kidney function and disease
- Pulmonology, dealing with lung and respiratory diseases
- Rheumatology, devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of rheumatic diseases.
- Sleeping medicine
- Drugs
- Hepatology of transplantation
American College of Osteopathic Internists
The American College of Osteopathic Internists recognizes the following subspecialties:
- Allergy/Immunology
- Cardiology
- Critical care remedies
- Endocrinology
- Gastroenterology
- Geriatric medicine
- Hematology/Oncology
- Infectious diseases
- Nuclear medicine
- Nephrology
- Pulmonology
- Rheumatology
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, three medical Royal Colleges (Royal College of Physicians of London, Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow) are responsible for preparing curricula and training programs through the Joint Royal Colleges Graduate Training Board (JRCPTB) , although the process is monitored and accredited by the General Medical Council (which also maintains a specialist list).
Doctors who have completed medical school spend two years in basic training completing the basic graduate curriculum. After two years of Core Medical Training (CT1/CT2) and reaching the Royal College of Physicians, doctors commit to one of the medical specialties:
- Acute medication (with possible accreditation in stroke or pre-hospital emergency medication)
- Allergies
- Audiovestibular medicine
- Cardiology (with possible accreditation in stroke treatment)
- Clinical Genetics
- Clinical Neurophysiology
- Pharmacology and Clinical Therapy (with possible accreditation in stroke drugs)
- Dermatology
- Endocrinology and diabetes mellitus
- Gastroenterology (with possible accreditation in hepatology)
- General medicine (internal) (with possible accreditation in metabolic or stroke drugs)
- Genito-urinary Drugs
- Geriatric Treatment (with possible accreditation in stroke medication)
- Hematology
- Immunology
- Infectious diseases
- Medical oncology (clinical or radiation oncology is under the Royal College of Radiologists, although entry via CMT and MRCP is required)
- Medical ophthalmology
- Neurology (with possible accreditation in stroke treatment)
- Nuclear medicine
- Child's cardiology (the only pediatric subspecialty not under the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health)
- Palliative medicine
- Pharmaceutical drugs
- Drug rehabilitation (with possible accreditation in stroke medication)
- Kidney medicine
- Respiratory medicine
- Rheumatology
- Sports and sports medicine
- Tropical Drugs
Many training programs provide double accreditation with general (internal) treatment and are involved in general care for inpatients. It is an acute treatment, cardiology, Pharmacology and Clinical Therapy, endocrinology and diabetes mellitus, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, kidney drugs, respiratory and frequent drugs, rheumatology. The role of common drugs, after a period of decline, is re-emphasized by the Royal College of Physicians of London report from the Future Hospital Commission (2013).
Diagnosis and medical treatment
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