New Zealand English ( NZE ) is a variant of English spoken by most New Zealanders who speak English. The language code in the ISO and Internet standards is en-NZ . English is one of New Zealand's three official languages ​​(along with New Zealand's Sign Language and M-Ori language) and is the first language of the majority of the population.
English was founded in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century. This is one of the "latest native-speaker variants of the existing English, a variation that has evolved and became distinctive only in the last 150 years". The most distinctive influences on New Zealand English are from English English, English in southern England, Irish English, Scottish English, Accepted Praise (RP), and M? Ori. New Zealand English is most similar to Australian English in pronunciation, with some major differences.
Video New Zealand English
Dictionary
The first dictionary with entries documenting New Zealand English is probably the Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary published in 1979. Edited by Harry Orsman (1928-2002), it is a book of 1,337 pages thick, with pertinent information with the use and pronunciation of widely accepted terms throughout the English-speaking world, and typical things in New Zealand. This includes a one-page listing of the expected dates of entry into the common language of many terms found in New Zealand English but not elsewhere, such as "haka" (1827), "Boohai" (1920), and "bach" (1905). The second edition was published in 1989 with the subtitle cover "the first dictionary of New Zealand English and New Zealand pronunciation". The third edition, edited by Nelson Wattie, was published as "Reed of New Zealand English Dictionary" by Reed Publishing in 2001.
The first dictionary fully dedicated to the various English languages ​​in New Zealand is the New Zealand Dictionary, published by New House Publishers in 1994 and edited by Elizabeth and Harry Orsman. The second edition was published in 1995, edited by Elizabeth Orsman.
In 1997, Oxford University Press produced an Orsman-edited Harry Dictionary of New Zealand English: A New Zealand Dictionary on Historical Principles , a 981-page book claimed to be based on more than 40 years of research. This research began with the 1951 Orsman thesis and continued by editing this dictionary. To assist and defend this work, the New Zealand Dictionary Center was established in 1997. It has published several New Zealand English language dictionaries, including the New Zealand Oxford Paperback Dictionary, edited by New Zealand lexicographer Tony Deverson in the year 1998, peaked at 1,374 pages of Oxford New Zealand Dictionary in 2004, by Tony Deverson and Graeme Kennedy. The second edition, revised from New Zealand's Oxford Paperback Dictionary was published in 2006, this time using standard lexicographic markers to identify New Zealand content, which is not in the first edition.
Another authoritative work is the Collins English Dictionary first published in 1979 by HarperCollins, which contains many well-quoted New Zealand words and phrases, taken from 650 million words of the Bank of English, an English research facility founded at the University of Birmingham in 1980 and funded by Collins publisher. Although this is an English English dictionary there are always New Zealand advisors credited for New Zealand's content, Professor Ian Gordon from 1979 to 2002 and Professor Elizabeth Gordon from the University of Canterbury since 2003. New Zealand-compiled Dictionary is compiled from English Collins includes the New Zealand Collins Collins Dictionary of English (1982), New Zealand Collins School Dictionary (1999) and New Zealand Collins Dictionary (2009)
The Dictionary of Macquarie in Australia was first published in 1981, and has since become an Australian English authority. It always includes an abundance of additional New Zealand words and phrases for words and phrases shared with both countries. Each edition has retained New Zealand as an adviser for New Zealand content, the first being Harry Orsman and most recently noted New Zealand lexicographer Laurie Bauer.
A lighter view in English as it was pronounced in New Zealand, Personal Kiwi-Yankee Dictionary , was written by a lecturer of American-born University of Otago psychology, Louis Leland in 1980. This thin volume contains many potential terms confusing and/or misleading to Americans visiting or emigrating to New Zealand. The second edition was published in 1990.
Maps New Zealand English
Historical development
From the 1790s, New Zealand was visited by fishing vessels, sealing and trading Britain, France and America. Their crew traded European goods with M indigenous people? Ori. The first settlers to New Zealand were mostly from Australia, many of them former inmates or escaped convicts. Sailors, explorers and merchants from Australia and other parts of Europe also settled.
When in 1788 the New South Wales colony was formed, most of New Zealand was nominally included, but no real legal authority or control was exercised. However, when the New Zealand Company announced in 1839 its plans to establish a colony in New Zealand and the increased commercial interest of merchants in Sydney and London prompted the UK to take stronger action. Captain William Hobson was sent to New Zealand to persuade M? Ori to surrender their sovereignty to the United Kingdom and on February 6, 1840, Hobson and about forty heads M? Ori signed the Waitangi Agreement at Waitangi in the Bay of Islands. From this point onwards there is a large European settlement, mainly from England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland; and to a lesser extent the United States, India, China, and various parts of continental Europe. About 400,000 settlers came from Britain, of which 300,000 live permanently. Most are young people and 250,000 babies are born. New Zealand ceased to be a part of New South Wales and became a British colony on 1 July 1841.
The discovery of gold in Otago (1861) and Westland (1865), caused a worldwide gold rush that doubled the population from 71,000 in 1859 to 164,000 in 1863. Between 1864 and 1865, under the New Zealand Settlement Act 1863, 13 ships carrying citizen. Britain, Ireland and South Africa arrived in New Zealand under the Waikato Immigration Scheme. In the 1870s and 1880s, several thousand Chinese men, mostly from Guangdong province, migrated to New Zealand to work in the South Island gold fields. Although the first Chinese migrants were invited by the Otago Provincial Government, they quickly became the target of hostile hostility and the law was enacted specifically to prevent them from coming to New Zealand thereafter. The population of New Zealand Europe grew explosively from less than 1000 in 1831 to 500,000 in 1881. By 1911 the number of European settlers had reached one million. Colorful history of the official and unofficial settlement of people from all over Europe, Australia, South Africa, and Asia and the mixing of people with native M? Ori brings what will eventually evolve into a "New Zealand accent" and unique regional language lexicon.
A New Zealand variant different from English has been recognized since at least 1912, when Frank Arthur Swinnerton described it as a "careful modulation mumble". From the humble beginnings of Australian and European settlements and the latest British official migration, a new dialect begins to form by adopting the words M? Ori to describe New Zealand's flora and fauna, whose English has no words of their own.
New Zealand accents first appeared in cities with mixed immigrant populations from Australia, England, Ireland and Scotland. These include militia towns on the North Island and gold mining towns on the South Island. In more homogeneous cities like Otago and Southland, which are mostly inhabited by people from Scotland, the New Zealand accent takes longer to appear.
Since the twentieth-century New Zealander society has recently escaped from its basic British roots and has adopted influences from around the world, especially at the beginning of the 21st century when New Zealand experienced an increase in non-English immigration that has since led to a multi- national level is more prominent. Internet, television, movies, and popular music have brought international influences into New Zealand society and New Zealand lexicons. The Americanization of New Zealand society and language has been subtly and gradually underway since World War II and especially since the 1970s, as has been the case in neighboring Australia.
In February 2018, Clayton Mitchell MP from New Zealand First led a campaign for English to be recognized as an official language in New Zealand.
Phonology
Not all New Zealanders have the same accent, because the level of cultivation (ie proximity to Received Pronunciation) of each speaker's voice is different. The phonology in this section is a learned Speaker of New Zealand English, and uses a transcription system designed by Bauer et al. (2007) specifically to represent New Zealand accents faithfully. It transcribes several different vowels, whereas the estimate of /r/ is transcribed with a symbol? ? ? even in phonemic transcription.
Vocabulary
There are a number of dialect and phrase words used in New Zealand English. This is largely an informal term that is more common in everyday language. A large number of loan words have also been taken from the M language? Ori and from Australian English. (see separate section, below).
New Zealand adopted the decimal currency in 1967 and the metric system in 1974. Nevertheless, some imperial steps are still commonly encountered and are usually understood, such as feet and inches for a person's height, pounds and ounces for a baby's birthweight, and in day language -days such term refers to a drink in a beer glass. In the food manufacturing industry in New Zealand, heavy metric and non-metric systems are used and are usually understood as raw food products are imported from metric and non-metric countries. However per Law Amendment Amendment and Amendment Size December 1976, all groceries should be in retail using a metric system. In general, knowledge of non-metric units is reduced.
The word
Like Australian English, but unlike most other forms of language, some New Zealand English speakers use both the term bath and bathe as a verb, with bathing is used as a transitive verb (eg I will bathe the dog ), and bathe is used predominantly, but not exclusively, as an intransitive verb (eg Are you taking a bath? ).
Both words between and between are used, as in English English. The same applies to two other pairs, temporarily and seconds and centered and at the center .
Australian English Influence
Many New Zealand English terms begin in Australia.
Some Australian terms in NZE include bushed (lost or confused), chunder (vomit), dinkum (original or real), jumbuck (sheep, from Australian pidgin), larrikin (The bad guys), Maccas (The 21st Century for McDonald's food), maimai (duck skin, originally a temporary shelter, from the original mia-mia ), paddock (field, or pasture), pom or pommy i> (verb: to boast), station (for very large farms), wowser (not alcoholic drink, or killjoy), and ute (pickup trucks).
American English Influence
Advancing from British origin England and Australia, New Zealand English has been developed to include many Americanisms and American vocabularies in preference to English terms as well as American vocabulary directly borrowed. Some examples of American words used as a substitute for English words in New Zealand English are bobby pins for British hair pins, exhaust for UK trucks trucks for UK trucks , station wagon for UK estate cars , cooker above cooker , creek above stream , chest hope above < i> bottom drawer , eggplant instead of eggplant , hardware store instead of ironmonger , median strip for central reservations , stroller for push seat , pushup for press , potato chips instead of crispy potato , plat for registration plate , phone or cell for mobile and mobile phones and mobile UK and Australia, and ice beam over-al ih English ice candle (or the Australian ice pole . )
Direct borrowed American vocabulary includes boonies , bucks (dollars), bushwhack (fallen wood), ding (curves), dude , duplex , fagot and fag (replacing English poof and poofter ),/i> (to think or conclude;), hightail it , homeboy , prostitutes i New Zealand
Many of these relate to words that are used to refer to common goods, often based on the main brands that become eponymous.
Usage
Some New Zealanders will often answer questions with pronounced statements with a rising intonation at the end. These often have the effect of making their voice statements like any other question. There is considerable awareness of this which is seen in an exaggerated form in the New Zealand comedy parody, as in the 1970s Lynn Tawa's Classical comedy character. This rising inconvenience can also be heard at the end of the statement, which does not respond to questions but which the speaker wants to emphasize. A high-rise terminal is also heard in Australia.
In an informal speech, some New Zealanders use their third feminine in place of the neutral third person it as the subject of a sentence, especially when the subject is the first word of the sentence. The most common use of this is in the phrase "He will be right" which means "It will be okay" or "It's pretty close to what's needed". Similar to Australian English used like "he is a great car" or "he's really pretty, it's [the object]".
M? ori affects
Many local everyday words have been borrowed from M? Ori, including words for local flora, fauna, place names and natural surroundings.
The dominant influence of M? Ori in New Zealand English is lexical. The 1999 estimate based on New Zealand's written and spoken Wellington Wellington corpora puts the proportion of words from M? Ori is about 0.6%, most places and personal names.
Use of words M? Daily oriental, usually daily, is most prominent among teens, young adults and M population? Ori. Examples include words like kia ora ("hello"), nau mai ("welcome"), or kai ) that almost all New Zealandians know.
M? Ori is always present and has significant conceptual influences in legislative, governmental and community institutions (eg health and education), where legislation requires that processes and documents be translated into M? Ori (in certain circumstances, and when requested). Political discussion and analysis of issues of sovereignty, environmental management, health, and social welfare thus depend on M'ori at least in part. M? Ori as spoken language is very important wherever a community consultation takes place.
Dialect
A little recognizable regional variation, with the exception of Southland and the southern part of neighboring Otago, where the "Southland thorn" is heard. This southern region forms a traditional immoral barn from Scotland (see Dunedin). Some common words and phrases in Scottish or Scottish English persist in this area: examples include use use meaning "small" and phrases like to message which means " go shopping". Recent research (2012) suggests that postvocalic/r/is not confined to Southland, but is found also in the central North Island where there may be a Pacific influence, but also the possible influence of modern New Zealand hip-hop music, which has proven to have a non- -prevocalic/r/after a high NURSE vowel. Other identified Southland features that may also relate to early Scottish settlements are the use of TRAP in a set of BATH (dance, castle) words, also found in some regions of Australia English, and in maintenance//~/w/differences (eg the and wizards are not homophonous to the speaker).
Taranaki has been said to have a small regional accent, probably due to the high number of immigrants from the South-West of England, but this is becoming less prominent.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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