Domain name registrar

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Domain name registration is the organization that manages Internet domain name reservations. Domain name registration should be accredited by a generic top-level domain (gTLD) registry or country-level registry top-level domain (ccTLD) registry. The registrar operates in accordance with the domain name designated registrars.

Video Domain name registrar

History

Until 1999, Network Solutions Inc. (NSI) operates the records for the top-level domain ( com , net , and org ). In addition to the domain name registration operator function, it is also the only registrar for this domain. However, some companies have developed independent registration services. In 1996 one such company, NetNames, developed the concept of an independent commercial domain name registration service that would sell domain registrations and other related services to the public, effectively establishing an industrial retail branch with registrants as wholesalers. NSI assimilated this model, which eventually led to the separation of registration and registration functions.

In 1997, PGMedia filed an anti-trust lawsuit against NSI citing the DNS root zone as an important facility, and the US National Science Foundation (NSF) joined as a defendant in this action. Finally, the NSI is granted immunity from anti-trust litigation, but litigation creates enough pressure to restructure the domain name market.

In October 1998, following pressure from the growing domain name registration business and other interested parties, the NSI agreement with the United States Department of Commerce was amended. This amendment requires the creation of a joint registration system that supports many registrars. The system officially began operations on November 30, 1999 under the auspices of the Internet Corporation for the Defined Names and Numbers (ICANN), although there have been several registries using the system since March 11, 1999. Since then, more than 900 registrars have entered. market for domain name registration services.

From registrants who initially entered the market, many continued to grow and outperformed rivals. Go Daddy is the greatest registrar. Other successful registrants include eNom, Tucows, Melbourne IT. Registrants who initially led the market but were later surpassed by rivals including Network Solutions and Dotster.

Each accredited ICANN recorder must pay a flat fee of US $ 4,000 plus a variable fee. The total variable registrar fee is for a total of US $ 3.8 million. Competitions created by a joint enrollment system allow end users to choose from many registrars offering various services related to varying prices.

Maps Domain name registrar

Designated registrar

Domain registration information is managed by domain name registrars, who contract with domain registrars to provide registration services to the public. The end user selects the registrar to provide the registration service, and the registrar becomes the designated registrar for the domain selected by the user.

Only the designated registrar can modify or delete information about the domain name in the central registry database. It is not uncommon for end users to switch registrars, requesting the process of transferring domains between the applicants involved, which are governed by certain domain name transfer policies.

When the registrar registers the domain name com for the end user, it must pay a maximum annual fee of $ 7.85 to VeriSign, the registry operator for com , and the US. $ 0.18 annual administrative fee to ICANN. Most domain registrars provide the prices of their services and products to cover the annual fees and administrative fees that must be paid to ICANN. Barriers to entry into the high bulk registration industry for new companies without an existing customer base.

Many registrars also offer registrations through reseller affiliates. End users register directly with registrars, or indirectly through one or more reseller layers. In 2010, retail costs typically range from a low of about $ 7.50 per year to about $ 35 per year for simple domain registration, although registrants often drop rates much lower - sometimes even for free - when ordering with other products such as the web hosting services.

The maximum registration period for domain names is 10 years. Some registrars offer a longer period of up to 100 years, but the offer involves registrar to update the registration for their customers; 100 year registration will not exist in the official registration database.

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DNS hosting

Domain name registration specifies a set of name server records on the DNS server of the parent domain, indicating the IP address of the authorized DNS server for the domain. This provides a reference to the query directly from the domain data.

Domain registration does not automatically imply the provision of DNS services for a registered domain. Most registrars offer DNS hosting as an optional free service for domains registered through them. If a DNS service is not offered, or an end user opts out, the end user is responsible for providing or providing the DNS hosting service. Registrants require specifications usually at least two name servers.

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DNSSEC Support

Domain Name System Security Extension (DNSSEC) is a set of Internet Engineering Tasks (IETF) specification specifications for securing certain types of information provided by the Domain Name System. This involves a registrant who processes public key data and creates a DS record for additions to the parent zone. All new GTLD registrars and registrars must support DNSSEC.

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Transfer of domain name

Transfer of domain name is the process of changing the designated registrar for the domain name. ICANN has defined the Policy on Registration Transfer Among Applicants . The usual process of domain name transfer is

1. The end user verifies that the whois admin contact is correct, especially the email address; obtain the authentication code (EPP or UDAI transfer code) from the old registrar, and delete the domain key that has been placed on the registration. If the whois information has expired and is now updated, the end user must wait 12-24 hours before proceeding further, to allow time for updated data to spread.
2. The end user contacted the new recorder with the desire to transfer the domain name to his service, and provided the authentication code.
3. The acquired seeker must obtain written permission from the Registered Name Holder or Administrative Contact. Transfers can only be continued if the transfer confirmation is received by obtaining the Registrar from one of these contacts. Authorization must be done through a valid Standard Authorization Form, which can be sent eg. by e-mail to an e-mail address registered with WHOIS. Registered Name Holder or Administrative Contact must confirm the transfer. The new registrar initiates electronically transferred domains with the help of the authentication code (auth code).
4. The old registrar will contact the end user to confirm the authenticity of this request. End users may have to take further action with old registrars, such as returning to online management tools, to re-start their desire to continue, to speed up transfers.
5. The old registrar will issue authority to the new registrar.
6. The new registrar will notify end users of the transfer settlement. The new registrar may automatically copy domain server information, and everything on the website will continue to function as before. Otherwise, the domain server information needs to be updated with the new registrar.

After this process, the new registrar is a registered registrar of domain names. The process may take about five days. In some cases, the old registrar may deliberately delay the transfer as long as it is allowed. After the transfer, the domain can not be transferred again for 60 days, except back to the previous registrar.

It's not wise to try to transfer the domain immediately before it expires. In some cases, transfers may take up to 14 days, meaning that transfers may not be completed before the registration expires. This could result in the loss of domain name registration and transfer failure. To avoid this, end users must transfer either before the expiration date, or update the registration before attempting a transfer.

If the domain registration expires, regardless of the reason, it can be difficult, expensive, or impossible for the original owner to get it back. After the expiration date, the domain status often passes through several management phases, often for a period of several months; usually it does not just become publicly available.

Transferring fraud

The introduction of a shared registry system opens a monopoly of previous domain registrations to a new entity known as a registrar, qualified by ICANN to do business. Many registrars have to compete with each other, and although some companies offer value-added services or use viral marketing, others, such as VeriSign and Domain Registry of America are trying to trick customers into switching from current registrations using a practice known as domain blocking.

Many of these transfer scams involve notices sent by mail, fax or email. Some scammers contact end users by phone (because contact information is available via WHOIS) to get more information. This notice will include publicly available information from the WHOIS database to add to the appearance of authenticity. The text will include legalese to confuse end users by thinking that it is an official binding notification. The registrar scam goes after the expired domain name or just ended. Domain name expiration date is available through WHOIS.

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Drop catcher

A drop catcher is a domain name registrar offering a service trying to register quickly a given domain name for a customer if the name is available - that is, to "catch" the name "down" - when domain name registration expires and then deleted, either because the registrar leaves the domain or because the registrant does not update the registration prior to deletion.

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Registrar rating

Some organizations post a list of market-ranking lists of domain names and the number of domains registered in each. The published list differs where the top-level domain (TLD) they use; in update frequency; and whether their baseline data is the absolute number provided by the registrar, or the daily changes that come from the Zone file.

This list seems to all use at most 16 publicly available public TLDs (gTLDs) that existed in December 2009, plus.us. An ICANN concept file access concept paper in February 2010 explains that most of the TLD registry (ccTLD) registry code stops providing zone files in 2003, citing abuse.

Published ratings and reports include:

• Monthly (but with a delay of about three months), ICANN posts a registry report created by all gTLD registrants. This report lists the absolute number of domains registered with each of the accredited ICANN registrars.
• Annually (but only covering the period from 2002 to 2007), DomainTools.com, operated by Name Intelligence, Inc., which publishes registrar statistics. Total includes.com,.net,.org,.info,.biz, and.us. It quotes "daily changes" (perhaps from a daily zone file) as a basis for its annual aggregate.

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See also

• Drop the registrar
• Registration of private sub-domains

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References

src: www.internetsociety.org

External links

• ICANN accredited listing list.

Source of the article : Wikipedia