The guitar is an anxious instrument that usually has six strings. Sound is projected either acoustically, using wooden or plastic boxes and hollow wood (for acoustic guitar), or through electrical amplifiers and speakers (for electric guitars). This is usually played by plucking or strumming the strings with the fingers, thumb or nail of the right hand or with a pick while fretting (or pressing the fret) strings with the fingers of the left hand. The guitar is a type of chordophone, traditionally built of wood and strung with a gut, nylon or steel strap and distinguished from other chordophones with its construction and tuning. The modern guitar is preceded by gittern, vihuela, four-course Renaissance guitars, and a five-course baroque guitar, all of which contribute to the development of a modern six-string instrument.
There are three main types of modern acoustic guitar: classical guitar (nylon-string guitar), acoustic guitar steel rope, and archtop guitar, sometimes called "jazz guitar". The acoustic guitar tone is generated by string vibrations, amplified by a guitar hollow body, which acts as a resonating space. The classical guitar is often played as a solo instrument using a comprehensive finger-picking technique in which each string is picked individually by the player's fingers, as opposed to being squeezed. The term "finger-picking" can also refer to the specific traditions of folk, blues, bluegrass, and country guitar playing in the United States. The acoustic bass guitar is a low-pitched instrument that is an octave under a regular guitar.
The electric guitar, introduced in the 1930s, uses amplifiers and loudspeakers that make instrument sounds loud enough for the cast and audience to hear, and, given that it generates electrical signals when played, which can manipulate and electronically form a tone using equalizer (eg , bass and treble tone controls) and a large number of electronic effects units, most commonly used are distortion (or "overdrive") and reverb. The pre-amplified guitars used a hollow body, but solid wood bodies were eventually found more suitable during the 1960s and 1970s, as they were less susceptible to unwanted acoustic feedback "hoots". Like acoustic guitars, there are a number of different types of electric guitars, including hollowbody guitars, archtop guitars (used in jazz, blues and rockabilly guitars) and solid-body guitars, widely used in rock music.
The loud, amplified sounds and sonic power of the electric guitar played through the guitar amps have played a key role in the development of blues and rock music, both as a companion instrument (playing riffs and chords) and performing guitar solos, and in many subgenre rocks, especially heavy metal and punk rock music. The electric guitar has a huge influence on popular culture. This guitar is used in various genres of music around the world. It is recognized as the main instrument in genres such as blues, bluegrass, country, flamenco, folk, jazz, jota, mariachi, metal, punk, reggae, rock, soul, and pop forms.
Video Guitar
History
Prior to the development of electric guitars and the use of synthetic materials, guitars were defined as instruments that have "long necks, anxiety, flat wooden boards, ribs, and flat backs, most often with sharpened sides." The term is used to refer to a number of chordophones developed and used throughout Europe, beginning in the 12th century and, later, in America. A three thousand year old stone carving of the Hittite poet plays stringed instrument is the oldest iconographic representation of chordophone and clay plaque from Babylonia showing people playing instruments that have a strong resemblance to the guitar, suggesting the possibility of Babylonian origin for the guitar.
The modern word guitar, and its antecedents, has been applied to various chordophones since classical times and caused confusion. English guitar German, German Gitarre , and French guitare all adopted from spanish languages ​​ , which comes from the Arabic language Andalusia ?????? ( q? th? rah ) and Latin cithara , turn comes from the Ancient Greek ?????? ( kithara ).
Many influences are cited as antecedents on modern guitars. Although the earliest "guitar" developments were lost in medieval Spanish history, the two instruments are generally referred to as their most influential predecessors, European harp and cousin, oud four strings; the latter brought to Iberia by the Moors in the 8th century.
At least two instruments called "guitars" were used in Spain in 1200: Latin guitarra Latin guitarra and the so-called < i> guitarra morisca (Moor guitar). The guitarra morisca has a round, wide fingerboard, and several earpieces. The guitarra Latina has a single earpiece and a narrower neck. In the 14th century, the qualifications of "moresca" or "morisca" and "latina" have been dropped, and these two cordophones are only referred to as guitars.
Vihuela Spain, called in Italian, " viola da mano ", instruments like guitars from the 15th and 16th centuries- century, is widely regarded as the most important influence in the development of baroque guitars. It has six programs (usually), a lute like-lute on the fourth and a guitar-like body, although the initial representation reveals an instrument with a sharply cut waist. It's also bigger than a contemporary four-course guitar. In the 16th century, vihuela construction had more in common with modern guitars, with its curved ribs, compared with viols, and more like a larger version of a contemporary four-course guitar. Vihuela only enjoyed a relatively short period of popularity in Spain and Italy during an era dominated elsewhere in Europe by harp; the music that was last published for the instrument appeared in 1576.
Meanwhile, the five-course baroque guitar, documented in Spain from the mid-16th century, enjoyed popularity, especially in Spain, Italy and France from the late 16th century until the mid-18th century. In Portugal, the word viola refers to a guitar, such as Maps Guitar
Type
The guitar can be divided into two broad categories, acoustic and electric guitars. Within each of these categories, there is also a further sub-category. For example, an electric guitar can be purchased in a six-string model (the most common model) or in a seven or 12-string model.
Acoustics
Acoustic guitars form several famous subcategories in acoustic guitar groups: classical guitar and flamenco; steel-string guitars, which include flat guitars, or "folk"; twelve-string guitar; and a curved guitar. Acoustic guitar groups also include unarchived guitars designed to be played in various registers, such as acoustic bass guitars, which have tunes similar to electric bass guitars.
Renaissance and Baroque
Renaissance and Baroque guitars are the ancestors of classical guitars and modern flamenco. They are substantially smaller, more refined in construction, and produce less volume. The strings are paired in courses such as the modern 12-string guitar, but they only have four or five string strings instead of the six strings normally used today. They are more often used as rhythm instruments in the ensemble than as solo instruments, and can often be seen in that role in early musical performances. (Gaspar Sanz InstrucciÃÆ'³n de MÃÆ'ºsica sobre la Guitarra EspaÃÆ' Â ± ola 1674 contains all of its output for guitar solos.) Renaissance and Baroque guitars are easy to distinguish, because Renaissance guitars are very plain and Baroque guitars are very ornate, ivory or wood around the neck and body, and a piece of "wedding cake" paper upside down in the hole.
Classic
The classical guitar, also known as the "Spanish" guitar, is usually strung with nylon strings, plucked with fingers, played in a sitting position and used to play the diversity of musical styles including classical music. The wide and flat guitar neck allows musicians to play scales, arpeggios, and certain chord shapes more easily and with fewer string breaks than any other guitar style. Flamenco's guitars are very similar in construction, but they are associated with a more percussive tone. In Portugal, the same instrument is often used with steel ropes especially in its role in fado music. This guitar is called viola, or violÃÆ' Â £ o in Brazil, where it is often used with extra seventh strings by choro musicians to provide extra bass support.
In Mexico, popular mariachi bands include a variety of guitars, ranging from a smaller Flat-top
Flat-top or steel-string guitars are similar to classical guitars, however, in varying sizes of threaded steel guitar body sizes are typically significantly larger than classical guitars, and have a narrower, reinforced neck and a stronger structure design.. Strong X-bracing of steel-strings developed in the 1840s by German-American luthiers, among them Christian Friedrich "C. F." Martin is the best known. Originally used on stimulated instruments, the power of the system allowed the guitar to withstand the additional strain of steel strings when this favorable combination emerged in the early 20th century. Steel strings produce a brighter tone, and according to many players, a louder voice. Acoustic guitars are used in various types of music including folk, country, bluegrass, pop, jazz, and blues. Many possible variations of OO and Parlor are classic sized to large Dreadnought (the most common type available) and Jumbo. Ovation makes modern variations, with rounded assembly/side assembly formed from artificial materials.
Archtop
The Archtop guitar is a steel-stringed instrument in which the top (and often the back) of the instrument is carved, from a solid chunk, into a curved, rather than flat shape. Construction like this violin is usually credited to Orville Gibson America. Lloyd Loar from Gibson Mandolin-Guitar Mfg. Co introduced the faux-inspired "F" shaped hole design that is now usually associated with archtop guitars, after designing a mandolin style of the same type. The typical archtop guitar has a large, deep, hollow body that looks similar to a mandolin or family-violin instrument. Currently, most archtop are equipped with magnetic pickup, and therefore both are acoustic and electric. The F-hole archtop guitar was soon adopted, when released, by jazz and country musicians, and remains very popular in jazz music, usually with flatwound strings.
Resonator, resophonic or Dobros
The three main types of guitar resonators were created by John Dopyera of Slovak-American (1893-1988) for National and Dobro companies ( Do pyera Bro thers). Similar to a guitar in flat appearance, but with a body that can be made of brass, nickel-silver, or steel and wood, the sound of a resonator guitar is produced by one or more aluminum resonator cones mounted in the middle from above. The physical principle of the guitar is therefore similar to the loudspeaker.
The original purpose of the resonator is to produce a very loud sound; this goal has largely been replaced by electrical amplification, but the resonator guitar is still playable due to its distinctive tone. The guitar resonator can have one or three cone resonators. The method of transmitting the sound resonance to a cone is a "biscuit" bridge, made of a small piece of hardwood at the top of a cone (Nationals), or a "spider" bridge, made of metal and mounted around a cone (inverted) edge (Dobros). Three cone resonators always use special metal bridges. This type of resonator guitar with a square-sectional neck - called "square neck" or "Hawaiian" - is usually played face up, in the lap of a sitting player, and often with metal or sliding glass. The round neck resonator guitar is usually played in the same way as any other guitar, though slides are also often used, especially in blues.
Twelve-string
Twelve-string guitars usually have steel ropes, and are widely used in folk music, blues, and rock and roll. Rather than having only six strings, the 12-string guitar has six courses consisting of two strings, such as a mandolin or a harp. The two highest programs are set together, while others are set in octaves. 12-string guitars are also made in electrical form. Sound like a 12-string electric guitar is the basis of a jangle pop.
Acoustic Bass
The acoustic bass guitar is a bass instrument with a hollow wood body similar to, though usually somewhat larger than a 6-string acoustic guitar. Like traditional electric bass guitars and double basses, the acoustic bass guitar generally has four strings, which are typically tuned EADG, an octave below the lowest four strings of a 6-string guitar, which is the same tuning tone as the electric bass. guitar. Can be, more rarely, found with 5 or 6 strings, which provides a wider range of tones to be played with a slight up and down movement of the neck.
Electricity
The electric guitar can have a solid, semi-hollow, or hollow body; solid body produces little sound without amplification. The electromagnetic pickup converts the vibration of a steel string into a signal, which is fed to the amplifier via a patch cable or radio transmitter. This sound is often modified by other electronic devices (effects units) or natural distortions of valves (vacuum tubes) or pre-amps in amplifiers. There are two main types of magnetic pickup, single- and double-coil (or humbucker), each of which can be passive or active. Electric guitars are widely used in jazz, blues, R & amp; B, and rock and roll. The first successful magnetic pickup for the guitar was invented by George Beauchamp, and put into the 1931 Ro-Pat-In (Rickenbacker) 1931 Pan Wajan Pan; Other manufacturers, especially Gibson, immediately began installing pickups in archtop models. After World War II, solid body power was popularized by Gibson in collaboration with Les Paul, and independently by Leo Fender of Fender Music. The lower fretboard action (the height of the string from the fingerboard), the lighter (thinner) strings, and electrical amplification lend an electric guitar to a technique that is rarely used on an acoustic guitar. These include tapping, extensive use of legato via pull-offs and hammer-ons (also known as slurs), harmonic harmonics, swell volume, and the use of tremolo arms or pedal effects.
Some models of electric guitars feature a piezoelectric pickup, which acts as a transducer to provide a sound closer to an acoustic guitar with a flip switch or button, rather than switching the guitar. Those who combine piezoelectric pickups and magnetic pickups are sometimes known as hybrid guitars.
Acoustic and electric guitar hybrids are also common. There are also more exotic varieties, such as two, three, or rarely four-neck guitars, all kinds of alternative string settings, fretless fingerboards (used almost exclusively on bass guitar, intended to mimic stand-up bass sound), 5.1 surround guitar, etc.
Seven-string and eight-string
The solid seven-string body guitar was popularized in the 1980s and 1990s. Another artist goes a step further, using an eight-string guitar with two extra low strings. Although the seven most common strings have a low B string, Roger McGuinn (from The Byrds and Rickenbacker) uses the G octave string paired with a regular G string like on a 12-string guitar, allowing it to combine 12-string elements in a standard six-string game. In 1982, Uli Jon Roth developed "Sky Guitar", with a much longer fret, which was the first guitar to reach the top of the violin register. Roth's seven-string guitars and "Mighty Wing" have a wider octave range.
Electric bass
The bass guitar (also called "electric bass", or just "bass") is similar in appearance and construction of an electric guitar, but with a longer neck and length of scale, and four to six strings. The four-string bass, by far the most common, is usually tuned to double bass, which corresponds to the lower octave pitches of the four lowest-pitched strings of the guitar (E, A, D, and G). (The bass guitar is a transpos instrument, because the notation in the bass clef is an octave higher than the sound (like a double bass) to avoid excessive ledgers.) Like an electric guitar, the bass guitar has pickups and is plugged into amplifiers and speakers for live performances.
Construction
Handedness
Modern guitar can be constructed to suit the left and right-handed players. Usually, the dominant hand (in most people, the right hand) is used to pluck or pluck the strings. This is similar to the convention of a family of violin instruments in which the right hand controls the bow.
Left-handed players sometimes choose opponent (mirror) instruments, although some play in standard ways, others play standard reversed guitars, and others (eg Jimi Hendrix) play a standard guitar arranged in reverse. This latter configuration differs from the actual opposite hand guitar in which the saddle is usually tilted in such a way that the bass string is slightly longer than the treble string to increase the intonation. Reversing the string, therefore, reverses the relative orientation of the saddle, affecting the intonation, though in the case of Hendrix, it is believed to have become an important element in its unique sound.
Components
Head
The headstock is located at the end of the guitar's neck furthest from the body. It comes with a head engine that adjusts the strings tension, which in turn affects the pitch. The traditional tuner layout is "3 3", where each side of the headstock has three tuners (as in Gibson Les Pauls). In this layout, the headstock is generally symmetrical. Many guitars feature other layouts, including a six-in-line tuner (featured on Fender Stratocasters) or even "4 2" (eg Ernie Ball Music Man). Some guitars (like Steinbergers) do not have a headstock at all, in this case the tuning machine is somewhere else, either on the body or on the bridge.
Beans are small pieces of bone, plastic, brass, corian, graphite, stainless steel, or other intermediate hard materials, at the connection where the headstock fills the fretboard. The groove guides the string to the fretboard, providing consistent, consistent string placement. This is one endpoint of the long vibrating string. This should be accurately cut, or may contribute to tuning problems due to string slippage or row of strings. To reduce the friction of the rope in the nut, which can affect the tuning stability, some guitarists fit the roller nuts. Some instruments use the zero fret just in front of the nut. In this case the nut is used only for lateral alignment of the string, the height and length of the string specified by the zero fret.
Neck
Frets of guitar, fretboard, tuner, headstock, and truss rod, all attached to long wood extensions, collectively are the neck. The wood used to make the fretboard is usually different from the wood around the neck. The flexural stress on the neck is considerable, especially as more severe measuring strings are used (see Tuning), and the ability of the neck to resist bending (see Truss rod) is important for the ability of the guitar to hold a constant tone during tuning or when the strings are interrupted. Neck stiffness with respect to the body of the guitar is one of the best instrument determinants compared to low quality.
The shape of the neck (from a cross-sectional perspective) can also vary, from the soft "C" curve to the more prominent "V" curve. There are many types of neck profiles available, giving many choices to the guitarist. Some aspects to consider in the guitar neck may be the overall width of the fretboard, the scale (the distance between the frets), the wood of the neck, the type of neck construction (eg, the neck may be glued or bolted), and the rear (profile) shape of the neck. Other types of materials used to make guitar necks are graphite (Steinberger guitar), aluminum (Kramer Guitars, Travis Bean and Veleno guitar), or carbon fiber (Modulus Guitars and ThreeGuitars). The double neck electric guitar has two necks, allowing musicians to quickly switch between guitar sounds.
The neck or heel joint is the point at which the neck is tightened or attached to the body of the guitar. Almost all acoustic-acoustic guitar strings, with the main exception of Taylors, have a glued neck (otherwise known as a set), while electric guitars are constructed using both types. Most of the classical guitars have necks and heads carved from a piece of wood, known as the "Spanish heel." Commonly used neck joints include mortise and tenon joints (such as those used by CF Martin & Co), fitting joints (also used by CF Martin on D-28 and similar models) and Spanish heel neck joints, named after Their shoes resemble and are commonly found in classical guitars. These three types offer stability.
Bolt-on neck, though historically linked to cheaper instruments, provides greater flexibility in guitar settings, and allows easier access to neck joint maintenance and repair. Another type of neck, available only for solid-body electric guitars, is a neck-through-body construction. It's designed so that everything from the engine leads to a bridge located on the same piece of wood. The sides (also known as wings) of the guitar are then attached to this central part. Some luthiers prefer this construction method because they claim it allows better maintain each note. Some instruments may have no neck joints at all, have necks and sides constructed as one part and body built around it.
The fingerboard, also called the fretboard, is a piece of wood that is embedded with metal frets composed of the top of the neck. It is flat on a classical guitar and curved slightly curved on an acoustic and electric guitar. The fretboard curvature is measured by the fretboard radius, which is a hypothetical circle radius where the fretboard surface is a segment. The smaller the fretboard radius, the more visible the fretboard curve. Most modern guitars have a 12 "neck radius, while older guitars from the 1960s and 1970s typically feature a 6-8" neck radius. Clamping a string against the fret on the fretboard effectively shortens the length of the string that vibrates, resulting in a higher tone.
Fretboard most often made of sonokeling wood, ebony, maple, and sometimes produced using composite materials such as HPL or resin. See the "Neck" section below for the sake of the length of the fretboard with respect to other dimensions of the guitar. Fingerboard plays an important role in the treble tone for the acoustic guitar. The quality of the fingerboard vibration is the main characteristic to produce the best treble tones. For that reason, ebony wood is better, but because of its high usage, ebony has become rare and very expensive. Most guitar manufacturers have adopted rosewood as an ebony replacement.
Frets
Almost all guitars have a fret, a metal strip (usually a nickel or stainless alloy) that is embedded along the fretboard and lies at precise dots that divide the length scale according to a particular mathematical formula. Exceptions include fretless bass guitar and a very rare fretless guitar. Pressing the string against the fret determines the length of the string that vibrates and therefore the pitch it generates. The pitch of each consecutive fret is defined at half-step intervals on a chromatic scale. The standard classical guitar has 19 frets and an electric guitar between 21 and 24 frets, although the guitar has been made with as many as 27 frets. Frets are arranged to achieve the same division of octaves. Each set of twelve frets represents an octave. The twelfth fret divides the exact length of the scale into two parts, and the position of the fret 24 divides one of the other half.
Rasio jarak antara second fret berturut-turut adalah (akar kedua dari second). Dalam prakteknya, luthiers menentukan posisi fret menggunakan konstanta 17,817 - perkiraan untuk 1/(1-1/ ). Jika fret ke-adalah jarak x dari jembatan, maka jarak dari fret (n 1) ke jembatan adalah x- (x/17.817). Frets tersedia dalam beberapa alat pengukur berbeda dan dapat dipasang sesuai dengan preferensi pemain. Di antaranya adalah fret "jumbo", yang memiliki pengukur lebih tebal, memungkinkan penggunaan teknik vibrato yang sedikit dari mendorong tali ke bawah lebih keras dan lebih lembut. Fretboards "bergigi", handed on kayu fretboard, send "dianyam" in advance, self-shocking vibrate yang dramatics. Fret yang bagus, jauh lebih datar, memungkinkan aksi string yang sangat rendah, tetapi mengharuskan kondisi lain, selekti kelengkungan leher, dijaga dengan baik untuk mencegah buzz.
Batang truss
The truss trunk is a thin and powerful metal rod that extends along the inside of the neck. This is used to correct changes to the curvature of the neck caused by aging in the wood of the neck, moisture change, or to compensate for the change in strain tension. The tension of the rod and neck assemblies is adjusted with a hex nut or an allen-key bolt on the rod, usually located either in the headstock, sometimes under the cover, or just inside the guitar body under the fretboard and accessible through the earpiece. Some truss rods can only be accessed by removing the neck. The rod of the horse ward off the enormous strain on the rope around the neck, bringing the neck back to a more upright position. Rotate the truss rod clockwise tighten it, ward off the strain tension and straighten the neck or create a reverse bow. Rotating the truss rod counterclockwise, allowing the strap rope to act on the neck and create an arc forward.
Adjusting the bar rod affects the intonation of the guitar as well as the height of the string from the fingerboard, called action. Some truss rod systems, called the double action truss system, tighten both ways, push the neck forward and back (standard frame rods can only be released to a point outside the neck that is no longer compressed and pulled back). Artist and luthier Irving Sloane points out, in his book Construction of the Steel String Guitar, that the frame of the skeleton is intended primarily to repair the necked bending concave, but can not fix the neck with a "bow back" or one that has become bent. Classical guitars do not require skeletons, because their nylon strings use lower tensile forces with lower potential to cause structural problems. However, their necks are often reinforced with harder wooden pieces, like ebony pieces of wood that extend behind the cedar's neck. There is no voltage adjustment in this form of reinforcement.
Inlays
Inlay is a visual element placed on the exterior surface of the guitar, both for decoration and artistic purposes and, in the case of marks on the 3rd, 5th, 7th and 12th frets (and in the higher octaves), to provide guidance to the player about the location of the fret on the instrument. The typical locations for inlay are on the fretboard, headstock, and on the acoustic guitar around the soundhole, known as the rosette. Inlay ranges from simple plastic points on the fretboard to intricate artwork that covers the entire surface of the guitar's exterior (front and back). Some guitar players have used LEDs on the fretboard to produce unique lighting effects on stage. Fretboard inlays most often shaped like dots, diamond shapes, parallelograms, or large blocks between frets.
Dots usually lie on the top edge of the fretboard in the same position, small enough to be seen only by the player. This usually appears on odd numbered frets, but also on the 12th fret (an octave mark) rather than frets 11 and 13. Some old or high-end instruments have inlay made of mother of pearl, abalone, ivory, colored wood or material and design other exotic. A simpler inlay is often made of plastic or painted. High-end classical guitars rarely have fretboard inlays as well-trained players are expected to know how to get around the instrument. In addition to fretboard inlay, headstock and surround soundhole are also often decorated. Manufacturers logo or small designs are often in-ornamental to the headstock. Roset designs vary from simple concentric circles to fine sculptures that mimic the ancient rosette of the harp. Bindings whose fingertips and sound boards are sometimes ornamental. Some instruments have filler strips that dangle down and behind the neck, used for strength or to fill the cavity through which the truss rod is installed in the neck.
Body
In an acoustic guitar, string vibrations are transmitted through the bridge and saddle to the body through the soundboard. The soundboard is usually made of cinnamon or cedar wood. Timbers for wooden tones are selected for strength and ability to transfer mechanical energy from string to air inside the body of the guitar. The sound is further formed by the characteristics of the body's guitar resonance cavity. In expensive instruments, the whole body is made of wood. In a cheap instrument, the back can be made of plastic.
In acoustic instruments, the body of the guitar is the main determinant of overall sound quality. The top of the guitar, or soundboard, is a finely crafted and engineered element made of firewood like cypress and red cedar. These thin wooden pieces, often only 2 or 3 mm thick, are reinforced by various types of internal buffers. Many luthiers consider top as the dominant factor in determining sound quality. The majority of the sound of the instrument is heard through the vibration of the top of the guitar as the energy of the vibrating strings is transferred to it. The body of the acoustic guitar has a earpiece in which the sound projects. The earpiece is usually a round hole at the top of the guitar under the strings. The air inside the body vibrates when the top of the guitar and body is vibrated by its strings, and the response from the air cavity at different frequencies is characterized, like other guitar body parts, by a number of resonance modes in which it responds more forcefully..
The upper, back and body ribs of the acoustic guitar are very thin (1-2 mm), so a piece of flexible wood called a layer is glued to the corner where the ribs meet the top and back. This interior strengthening provides 5 to 20 mm solid gluing area for this angular joint. Solid coatings are often used in classical guitars, while wrinkles are most commonly found on acoustic steel strings. Kerfed lining is also called kerfing because it is assessed, or "garutan" (incomplete sawn through), to allow to bend with the rib shape). During the final construction, small portions of the outer corners are carved or channeled out and filled with a binder at the outer corners and pieces of decorative material next to the binding, called purfling. This binding works to cover the top and rear end items. Purfling can also appear on the back of an acoustic guitar, marking the joints of two or three backs. Binder and purfling materials are generally made of wood or plastic.
Body size, shape and style have changed over time. The 19th century guitar, now known as the guitar salon, is smaller than modern instruments. Different patterns of internal bracing have been used over time by luthiers. Torres, Hauser, Ramirez, Fleta, and C. F. Martin were one of the most influential designers of their time. Bracing not only reinforces the upper part of the possibility of destruction due to the pressure given by the tightened string, but also affects the resonance characteristics of the upper part. The back and sides are made of various woods such as mahogany, Indian rosewood, and the highly respected Brazilian rosewood ( Dalbergia nigra ). Each is primarily chosen for their aesthetic effect and can be decorated with inlays and purfling.
Instruments with larger areas for guitar parts were introduced by Martin in an attempt to create a larger volume level. The greater body size of the "conqueror" among acoustic players relates to the larger volume of sound produced.
Most of the electric guitar body is made of wood and includes a plastic pick guard. Planks that are wide enough to use as solids are very expensive due to the depletion of hardwood stocks worldwide since the 1970s, so wood is rarely one solid piece. Most of the body is made of two pieces of wood with some of them including stitches that flow in the midline of the body. The most common wood used for electric guitar body construction include maple, basswood, ash, poplar, alder, and mahogany. Many bodies consist of fine, but inexpensive, woods such as ash, with a "top" layer, or a thin layer of other more attractive wood (such as maple with natural "flame" patterns) that are glued to the top of the base wood.. Guitars built like this are often called "peaks of fire". The body is usually carved or directed to receive other elements, such as bridges, pickups, necks, and other electronic components. Most of the electricity has a polyurethane or nitrocellulose lacquer coating. Other alternative materials for wood are used in guitar body construction. Some of these include carbon composites, plastic materials, such as polycarbonates, and aluminum alloys.
The main purpose of the bridge on the acoustic guitar is to transfer the vibrations from the string to the soundboard, which vibrates the air inside the guitar, thus amplifying the sound produced by the string. On all electric guitars, acoustic and original guitars, the bridge holds the strings on the body. There are many different bridge designs. There may be several mechanisms to raise or lower the bridge's saddle to adjust the distance between the strings and the fretboard (action), or fine-tuning the intonation of the instrument. Some springs and features a "whammy bar", a removable arm that lets players modulate the pitch by changing the tension on the string. The whammy bar is sometimes also called the "tremolo bar". (The effects of rapidly changing pitches are called true "vibrato." See Tremolo for further discussion of this term.) Some bridges also allow for tuning alternatives with a touch of a button.
In almost all modern electric guitars, the bridge has a saddle that can be adjusted for each string so that the intonation remains right up and down the neck. If an open string is aligned, but sharp or flat when the fret is pressed, the position of the saddle bridge can be adjusted with a screwdriver or hex key to resolve the problem. In general, flat notes are corrected by moving the saddle forward and sharp notes by moving it backwards. In the correct instrument adapted to intonation, the actual length of each string from the nut to the saddle of the bridge a little, but longer than the length of the instrument scale. This additional length is called compensation, which flattens all the notes a bit to compensate for the sharping of all compounded records caused by stretching strings during fretting.
The guitar saddle refers to the part of the bridge that physically supports the strings. Perhaps one piece (usually on an acoustic guitar) or separate pieces, one for each string (electric guitar and bass). The basic aim of the saddle is to provide an endpoint for string vibrations in the correct location for proper intonation, and on the acoustic guitar to transfer vibrations over the bridge to the guitar's upper wood. Saddles are usually made of plastic or bones for acoustic guitars, although synthetic and some variations of exotic animal teeth (eg petrified teeth, ivory, etc.) have become popular among several players. The saddle of electric guitars is usually made of metal, although some synthetic saddles are available.
Pickguard, also known as scratchplate, is usually a piece of laminated plastic or other material that protects the end of the guitar from damage caused by the use of plectrum ("pick") or fingernails. Electric guitars sometimes install pickups and electronics on a pickguard. This is a common feature on acoustic guitar steel straps. Some performance styles that use the guitar as a percussion instrument (tapped on top or side between tones, etc.), such as flamenco, require that the starting plate or pickguard be mounted onto a nylon-string instrument.
String
The standard guitar has six strings, but four, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, and eighteen string guitar guitars are also available. Classical guitars and flamencos have historically used bowel strings, but these have been replaced by polymeric materials, such as nylon and fluorocarbons. The string of modern guitars is built of metal, polymer, or animal or plant product. Instruments using "steel" strings may have strings made of alloys incorporating steel, nickel or phosphor bronze. Bass strings for both instruments are more than monofilament.
Pickup and electronics
Pickup is a transducer attached to a guitar that detects (or "takes") vibration strings and converts the mechanical energy of a string into electrical energy. The resulting electrical signals can then be electronically reinforced. The most common type of pickup is electromagnetic in design. It contains a magnet inside the coil, or coil, of a copper wire. Such pickups are usually placed just below the guitar strings. The electromagnetic pickup works on the same principle and in a manner similar to an electric generator. Vibration of a string creates a small electric current in the coil around the magnet. This signal current is brought to the guitar amplifier that drives the loudspeaker.
The traditional electromagnetic pickup is single-coil or double-coil. Single-coil pickups are susceptible to noise caused by wild electromagnetic fields, usually the main frequency (60 or 50 hertz) humming. The introduction of a double-coil humbucker in the mid-1950s solved this problem through the use of two coils, one of which is a cable in opposite polarity to cancel or "buck" a wild field.
The type and model of the pickup used can greatly affect the guitar tone. Typically, humbuckers, which are two magnetized coil assemblies attached to each other, have traditionally been associated with heavier sounds. Single-coil pickups, one magnet wrapped in copper wire, are used by guitarists who seek a brighter, stronger sound with a larger dynamic range.
The modern pickup is adjusted to the desired sound. The approximation commonly used in pickup pickups is that fewer wires (lower electrical impedance) provide brighter sounds, more wires giving a "fat" tone. Other options include special switching that results in coil splitting, in/out phases and other effects. Good active guitar circuits, requiring batteries to power their circuits, or, as in many cases, equipped with passive circuits.
The Fender Stratocaster guitar generally uses three single-coil pickups, while most Gibson Les Paul types use humbucker pickups.
Piezoelectric, or piezo, pickups represent other pickup classes. It uses piezoelectrics to produce musical signals and is popular in hybrid electro-acoustic guitars. The crystals lay beneath each string, usually in the saddle. When the string vibrates, the shape of the crystal is distorted, and the pressure associated with this change produces a small voltage across the crystal that can be reinforced and manipulated.
Some piezo-equipped guitars use hexaphonic pickups. "Hex" is a prefix of six. A hexaphonic pickup produces a separate output for each string, usually from separate piezoelectric or magnetic picking for each string. This setting enables an electronic on-board or external string process individually for the Modeling or Digital Music Interface (MIDI) conversion tool. Roland makes hexaphonic pickups for guitars and basses, and guitar modeling lines and synthesis products. The hexaphonic Line 6 Variax guitar uses an on-board electronic device to model sound after various vintage instruments, and varying tones on each string.
MIDI converters use hexaphonic guitar signals to determine pitch, duration, attack, and decay characteristics. MIDI sends note information to the internal or external sound bank device. The resulting sound is very similar to many instruments. MIDI settings can also let the guitar be used as a game controller (ie, Rock Band Squier) or as an instructional tool, such as with the Fretlight Guitar.
On the guitar that has it, this component and the connecting wires allow the player to control several aspects of sound such as volume or tone using buttons, switches, or buttons. The most basic electronic controls are volume buttons. Some guitars also have a tone control button, and some guitars with multiple pickups have pickup pickup switches or buttons to determine which pickup is activated. At its simplest, it consists of passive components, such as potentiometers and capacitors, but may also include special integrated circuits or other active components that require batteries for power, for preamplification and signal processing, or even for electronic tuning. In many cases, electronics have a kind of shield to prevent noise pickup and external noise.
Tuning
Notationally, the guitar is considered a transpos instrument. His tone sounded an octave lower than the notation on the score.
Standard
Various barrel can be used. The most common tuning, known as "Standard Tuning", has a string set from low E, to high E, across the range of two octaves - EADGBE. When all strings are played open, the resulting chord is Em7/add11.
Pitch is as follows:
The table below shows the pitch names found above the six guitar strings in the standard tuning, from the (zero), to the twelfth frets.
For the four strings, the fifth fret on one string is the same open tone as the next string; for example, the 5-fret note on the sixth string is the same note as the fifth open string. However, between the second and third strings, there is an irregularity: Note 4th -frame on the third string is equivalent to the second string open.
Alternative
Standard tuning has evolved to provide a good compromise between simple fingering for many chords and the ability to play a common scale with reasonable left hand movements. There are also various tuning alternatives that are commonly used, for example, classes open , regular , and dropping barrel.
Open tuning refers to a guitar set so picking open strings produces a chord, usually a major chord. The basic chord consists of at least 3 records and can include all strings or subset. Tuning is named for open chords, Open D, open G, and open A is a popular tuning. All the same chords on a chromatic scale can then be played by limiting a single fret. Open tuning is commonly used in blues and folk music, and they are used in playing slide and bottleneck guitars. Many musicians use open tuning while playing slide guitar.
For the standard tuning, there is exactly one interval of one-third between the second and third strings, and all other intervals are one quarter. The irregularities have a price - the chords can not be shifted around the fretboard in the standard E-A-D-G-B-E standard tuner, which requires four chord-shapes for the major chord. There are separate chords for chords that have note roots on the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth strings.
In contrast, regular larvae have the same interval between strings, so they have a symmetrical scale along the fretboard. This makes it easier to translate the chords. For regular tuning, chords can be moved diagonally around the fretboard. The diagonal movement of the chord is very simple for regular repetitive tuning, where chords can be moved vertically: Chords can be moved three strings up (or down) in three-tuning and the chord can be moved two strings up (or down) in tuning augmented-fourths. Regular tuning is thus appealing to new guitarists as well as to jazz-guitarists, whose improvisation is simplified with regular intervals.
On the other hand, some chords are harder to play with regular tuning than standard tuning. It may be difficult to play conventional chords especially on augmented-fourths tuning and tuning all-fifths, where large distances require hand stretching. Some chords, which are conventional in folk music, are difficult to play even in all-fourth and major-thirds tuning, which require no more hand-stretching than standard tuning.
- On the third-major tuning, the interval between open strings is always the third major. As a result, four frets are enough to play a chromatic scale. Chord inversion is very simple in tuning major-thirds. The chord is reversed simply by raising one or two tones with three strings. The raised tone is played with the same finger as the original note. In contrast, in standard tuning, the inversion form depends on the involvement of the major major.
- All-fourths tuning replaces the big third between the third and second strings by fourth, extending the tuning of the conventional bass guitar. With all four tunes, playing triads is harder, but improvisation is simplified, as the chord pattern remains constant as it moves around the fretboard. Jazz guitarist Stanley Jordan uses all-fourths tuning EADGCF. Chord-invariant forms are the advantages of other regular tuning, such as major-third and all-fifth tuning.
- Extends the violin and cello barrel, all-five tuning offers an expanded CGDAEB range, which however is unlikely to be applied to conventional guitars. All-fifths tuning is used for five strings from the standard tuning of Robert Fripp and his former students in the Guitar Craft course; the new standard tuning has a high G on its last CGDAE-G string.
Another class of alternative tuning is called drop tuning, because tuning falls down the lowest string. Dropping the lowest tones throughout the tone will result in "drop-D" (or "dropped D") tuning. Note DADGBE open-string (from low to high) allows for deep bass D notes, which can be used in keys like D major, d minor and G major. It simplifies simple multiplier games (powerchords). Many contemporary rock bands stabilize all strings, making, for example, Drop-C or Drop-B tuning.
Scordatura
Many scordatura (alternative tunings) modify the standard tuning of the lute, especially when playing a Renaissance music repertoire originally written for the instrument. Some scordatura drop the tone of one or more strings, giving access to the newer lower notes. Some scordatura make it easier to play in unusual keys.
Accessories
Although the guitar can be played on its own, there are a variety of common accessories that are used to hold and play the guitar.
Capotasto
A capo (short for capotasto ) is used to change the tone of an open string. Capo is cut to the fretboard with the help of spring tension, or on some models, elastic voltage. To raise the guitar tone with one semitone, the player will cut the capo to the fretboard just below the first fret. Its use allows players to play in different keys without having to change the chord formations they use. For example, if a folk guitar player wants to play a song in the B Major key, they can put a capo on the fret of both instruments, and then play the song as if it is the key of A Major, but with the capo the instrument will make B Major sound. This is because with a capo that limits the second fret, the open chamber will sound two semitones (aka one tone) higher in the pitch. For example, if a guitarist plays the A Major chord open (a very common open chord), it will sound like a B Major chord. All other open chords will also be modified in pitch. Because of the ease with which they allow guitar players to change keys, they are sometimes referred to by degrading names, such as "cheater" or "hillbilly crutch". Despite this negative point of view, another benefit of capo is that it allows the guitarist to get the ringing, resonance sounds of common keys (C, G, A, etc.) in "more difficult" and rarely used keys. Classic actors are known to use it to enable modern instruments to fit the tone of historical instruments such as Renaissance music.
Slide
A slide, (neck of a bottle, a knife blade or a round metal or glass bar or cylinder) is used in blues and rock to create glissando or "Hawaiian" effects. Slide is used to denounce notes on the neck, rather than using fingers restlessly. The use of the characteristics of the slide is to move in the desired direction by, as the name implies, slide it to the neck to the desired tone. Neck bottles are often used in blues and country music as improvised slides. Modern slides are made of glass, plastic, ceramics, chrome, brass or steel rod or cylinder, depending on the desired weight and tone (and the amount of money a guitarist can spend). The instrument that is played exclusively in this way (using a metal rod) is called a steel guitar or a pedal steel. Sliding play to this day is very popular in blues music and country music. Some slide players use what's called the Dobro guitar. Some of the players who became famous for playing slides were Robert Johnson, Elmore James, Ry Cooder, George Harrison, Bonnie Raitt, Derek Trucks, Warren Haynes, Duane Allman, Muddy Waters, Rory Gallagher, and George Thorogood.
Plectrum
A "pick guitar" or "plectrum" is a small piece of hard material that is generally held between the thumb and forefinger of the picking hand and used to "pick" the strings. Although most classical players choose with a combination of fingernails and fingers, this option is most commonly used for electric acoustic guitars and steel ropes. Although today they are primarily plastic, variations do exist, such as bone, wood, steel or turtle shell. Turtle shells are the most common materials used in the early days of harvesting, but as tortoises and turtles become endangered, the practice of using shells to be taken or others is prohibited. The collection of turtle shells made before the ban is often coveted for tones that should be superior and easy to use, and their scarcity makes them worthwhile.
Options are available in various shapes and sizes. Choices vary from small jazz picks to large bass picks. The thickness of the pick often determines its use. The thinner Pick (between 0.2 and 0.5 mm) is usually used to play strumming or rhythm, whereas thicker picks (between 0.7 and 1.5 mm) are commonly used for single notes or lead playing lines. Billy Gibbons's distinctive guitar sound is associated with using a quarter or a peso as an option. Similarly, Brian May is known to use a six penny coin as a picker, while in the 1970s and early 1980s session musician David Persons is known for using old credit cards, cut to the correct size, as a plectrum.
Thumb picks and finger picks attached to the fingertips are sometimes used in the style of picking a finger on a steel string. This allows fingers and thumbs to operate independently, while a flat pick requires a thumb and one or two fingers to manipulate.
Straps
The guitar strap is a material strip with an attachment mechanism on each end, made to hold the guitar through the shoulder with adjustable length. Guitar has a variety of accommodation to install the rope. The most common is the rope knob, also called the rope pin, which is a flanged steel pole attached to the guitar with a screw. Two buttons of binding come pre-attached to almost all electric guitars, and many acoustic guitar steel ropes. The rope buttons are sometimes replaced with "string locks", which connect the guitar to the rope safer.
The bottom rope is usually located at the bottom (the end of the bridge) of the body. The upper rope button is usually located near or at the top (neck end) of the body: on the upper body curve, at the "top horn" end (on the double cutaway), or in the neck joint (heel). Some electricity, especially those with oddly shaped bodies, have one or both straps on the back of the body. Some of Steinberger's electric guitars, because of their minimalist and lightweight design, have both string buttons at the bottom of the body. Rarely, on some acoustics, the upper strap button is located in the headstock. Some acoustic and classic guitars have only one string button on the bottom of the body - the other end should be tied to the headstock, above the nut and under the head of the machine.
Amplifier, effects and speakers
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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