The United States-based abortion movement (also known as the US pro-choice Movement ) is a sociopolitical movement in the United States that supports the view that a woman should have the legal right to an elective abortion , which means the right to terminate his pregnancy, and is part of a wider global abortion-rights movement. The pro-choice movement consists of various organizations, without a central decision-making body.
A key point in the abortion rights in the United States was the 1973 US Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade , which affects most state laws that prohibit abortion, thus decriminalizing and legalizing elective abortions in some states..
On the other side of the abortion debate in the United States is a movement to extend the right to pre-born at the expense of limiting the rights of pregnant women, the pro-life movement. In this group many argue that human life begins at the moment of conception.
Video United States abortion-rights movement
Overview
The rights advocate of abortion holds that whether a pregnant woman continuing pregnancy should be her personal choice, because it involves her body, her personal health, and her future. They also argue that the availability of legal abortions reduces women's exposure to the risks associated with illegal abortion. More broadly, abortion rights advocates frame their arguments in terms of individual freedom, reproductive freedom, and reproductive rights. The first of these terms is widely used to describe many of the nineteenth and twentieth-century political movements (such as the abolition of slavery in Europe and the United States, and in the spread of popular democracy) whereas the latter terms stem from changing the perspective of sexual freedom and body integrity.
Individual abuses rarely consider themselves "pro-abortion", as they regard the termination of pregnancy as a matter of autonomy, and finding forced abortion to be legally and morally untenable as a prohibition of abortion. Indeed, some people who support abortion rights consider themselves against some or all abortions on moral grounds, but believe that abortion will occur in any case and that legal abortion under medically controlled conditions is better than an illegal abortion without medical supervision right. Such people believe the death rate of women due to such procedures in areas where abortion is available only outside medical institutions is unacceptable.
Some who argue from a philosophical point of view believe that the embryo has no right because it is just potentially and not the real person and that it should not have the right that defeats the people of the pregnant woman at least until it is worthy.
Many activists of abortion-rights campaigns also noted that some anti-abortion activists also oppose sex education and the availability of contraceptives, two policies that in practice increase demand for abortion. Proponents of this argument point to cases in areas with limited sex education and access to contraceptives that have high rates of abortion, both legal and illegal. Some women also travel to jurisdictions or other countries where they can get an abortion. For example, a large number of Irish women will visit the United Kingdom for abortion, as do Belgian women who travel to France before Belgium legalizes abortion. Similarly, women would go to the Netherlands when it became legal to have an abortion there in the 1970s.
Some people who support abortion rights see abortion as a last resort and focus on a number of situations where they feel abortion is the necessary option. Among these situations is the situation in which a woman is raped, her health or life (or her fetus) is at risk, contraception is used but fails, the fetus has acute inherited abnormalities and disabilities, incest, financial constraints, overpopulation, or feels unable to raise a child. Some moderate abortion-rights, who will be willing to accept certain restrictions on abortion, feel that political pragmatism forces them to oppose such restrictions, because they can be used to form a slick slope against all abortions. On the other hand, even some pro-choice supporters feel uncomfortable with the use of abortions for sex selection, as practiced in some countries, such as India.
Maps United States abortion-rights movement
History
Prior to 1973, abortion rights in the United States were not seen as a constitutional issue. Abortion is seen as a purely state problem, all of which have some kind of restriction. The first legal restrictions on abortion emerged in the 1820s, banning abortion after the fourth month of pregnancy. In 1900, legislators at the urging of the American Medical Association (AMA) have enacted laws prohibiting abortion in most US states. The AMA plays an important role in the stigmatization of abortion by using their status and power to create moral attitudes against abortion. The AMA sees abortion providers as unwanted health care competitors. Due to the high rates of maternal morbidity and mortality caused by abortions in the back roads, doctors, nurses, and social workers are pushing for the legalization of abortion from a public health perspective. Support for abortion rights goes beyond feminists and the medical profession. The widespread support for legal abortion in the 1960s also came from certain religious leaders. For example, there are 1,400 pastors operating on the East Coast for the Clinical Consultation Service on Abortion - an underground network connecting women seeking abortions to doctors - during the 1960s. As historian Christine Stansell explains, many religious leaders come to approach the argument of abortion rights from the position of the individual's conscience and not from dogma by witnessing "unwanted pregnancy strains imposed on their congregation members".
In his case in 1973, Roe v. Wade where a woman challenges the Texas law criminalizing abortion, the US Supreme Court has reached two important conclusions:
- The state abortion law is subject to the necessary process clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States; and
- That the procurement of abortion is a constitutional right during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy is based on the constitutional right of privacy, but that the state's interest in protecting "potential life" applies in the third trimester unless the woman's health is at risk. In subsequent decisions, the Court rejected the trimester framework altogether in favor of a cutoff at the point of fetal viability (see Planned Parenthood v. Casey ).
Abortion rights groups are active in all American countries and at the federal level, campaigning for legal abortions and fighting the rejection of anti abortion laws, with varying degrees of success. Only a few countries allow abortion without limitation or regulation, but most allow a limited variety of forms of abortion.
In the United States, the Democratic Party platform supports abortion-rights positions, which state that abortion should be "safe, legal, and scarce". But not all Democrats agree with the platform, and there is a small pro-life faction within the party, expressed in groups like Democrats for American Life. Similarly, there is a small faction of abortion rights within the Republican Party. The Libertarian Party holds "that the government should be kept away from problems".
Organization and Individual
The pro-choice movement includes organizations, without a central decision-making body. Many individuals who are not members of this organization also support their views and arguments. Many people support the purpose of the movement because of the extreme arguments, goals and tactics of the anti abortion movement, such as the refusal to accept that in some circumstances (such as rape or incest) abortion may be justified.
Planned Parenthood, NARAL Pro-Choice America, the National Abortion Federation, the National Organization for Women, and the American Civil Liberties Union are the leading advocacy groups and lobbying abortion rights in the United States. Most major feminist organizations also support abortion-rights positions, such as the American Medical Association, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and pro-choice doctors such as Eugene Gu and Warren Hern who have fought political intimidation from pro-life Congresswoman Marsha Blackburn. There are also religious groups that advocate for abortion rights. In particular, the Religious Coalition for Reproductive and Catholic Options for Choice.
Terminology controversy
The terms "pro-choice" and "pro-life" are examples of political framing. They are terms that deliberately try to define their philosophy in the best possible light, while trying to define their opposition in the worst light: "Choice-Pro" suggests an alternative viewpoint is "pro-coercion" or "anti-choice", while " pro-life "implies an alternative viewpoint is" pro-death "or" anti-life ". Similarly, the use of each of the terms "right" ("reproductive rights", "the right to life of every unborn child") implies validity in their position, given that the presumption in the language is that rights are essentially good and thus implying a lack of validity in the point of view of their opponent. (In a liberal democracy, a right is seen as something that must be maintained by the state and civil society, whether the human rights, victim rights, > Children's Rights etc. Many countries use the word rights in basic law and constitution to define basic civil principles; both the United Kingdom and the United States have Bill of Rights .) Other examples of political framing often used in this context are: "unborn baby", "unborn child", and "prenatal child".
The term "pro-life" for those who oppose legal abortion is further opposed by activists who support the legalization of abortion because women's lives are lost due to unsafe abortion when abortion is illegal. Some who favor abortion consider the term ironic because they say "pro-life" activists oppose the use of abortion procedures even when they are medically deemed necessary to save the lives of pregnant women, or to resolve situations that endanger their lives. women and fetus in such a way that both will die if the abortion is not done. Members of the abortion movement-the right to reject the term "pro-life" with the argument that being pro-choice is pro-life: pro-women's life.
The Associated Press and Reuters encourage journalists to use the terms "right of abortion" and "anti-abortion", which they consider neutral.
See also
- Abortion-rights movement
- Fund abortion
- Clinic escort
- Feminism
- George Tiller
- Religious Coalition for Reproduction Options
References
Additional resources and readings
Books
- Ninia Baehr, Abortion without Apology: Radical History for 1990s South End Press, 1990.
- Ruth Colker, Abortion & amp; Dialogue: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and American Law Indiana University Press, 1992.
- Donald T. Critchlow, Abortion and Birth Control Politics in Historical Perspective University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
- Myra Marx Ferree et al., Establishing Abortion Discrimination: Democracy and Public Spaces in Germany and the United States Cambridge University Press, 2002.
- Marlene Gerber Fried, From Abortion to Reproductive Freedom: Changing Movement South End Press, 1990.
- Beverly Wild Harrison, Our Right to Choose: Toward a New Ethics of Abortion Beacon Press, 1983.
- Suzanne Staggenborg, Pro-Choice Movement: Organization and Activism in Abortion Conflict , Oxford University Press, 1994.
- Raymond Tatalovich, Abortion Politics in the United States and Canada: Comparative Studies M.E. Sharpe, 1997.
Articles and journals
- Mary S. Alexander, "Defining the Abortion Debate" at ETC.: Overview of Semantics , Vol. 50, 1993.
- David R. Carlin Jr., "Going, Going, Gone: The Diminution of the Self" at Commonweal Vol.120. 1993.
- Vijayan K. Pillai, Guang-Zhen Wang, "Women's Reproductive Rights, Modernization, and Family Planning Programs in Developing Countries: Causal Models" in International Journal of Comparative Sociology , Vol. 40, 1999.
- Suzanne Staggenborg, "The Influence of Organization and Environment on Development of the Pro-Choice Movement" within Social Forces , Vol. 68, 1989.
External links
- NARAL Pro-Choice America
- National Abortion Federation
- Guttmacher Institute
- Abortion Access and Information
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